{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:47:47Z","timestamp":1787755667924,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) present significant obstacles for healthcare systems, impacting both patient safety and the effectiveness of treatments. Despite this, there is a scarcity of research on ADR reports in Sierra Leone, especially over long periods. This study aims to investigate the characteristics and reporting patterns found in the Sierra Leone pharmacovigilance database managed through VigiFlow.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzes reports of ADRs from Sierra Leone's national pharmacovigilance database, VigiFlow, spanning from January 2008 to December 2022. Data collected included patient demographics (age, sex), reporter characteristics (type of reporter, year of reporting), and ADR\u2010specific information (suspected medication, indication, ADR types (MedDRA), seriousness, outcome, actions taken, and time to onset), and completeness score. Descriptive statistics, chi\u2010square tests, and the Kruskal\u2010Wallis test with Bonferroni\u2010adjusted post hoc tests were applied to identify patterns and associations within the dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 3381 individual case safety reports (ICSRs) were analysed. The majority of reports involved females (54.7%) and adults aged 18 to 44\u2009years (51.4%). Reporting rates increased after 2015, peaking in 2021. The most frequently implicated medications were anti\u2010infective drugs (40.7%) and antiparasitic medicines (34.1%), particularly ivermectin, albendazole, and vaccines for cholera and yellow fever. The most commonly reported ADRs were headache (13.2%), fever (12.2%), and diarrhoea (7.6%), primarily affecting the nervous system and general disorder classes. Pharmacists were responsible for 39.0% of reports and achieved the highest completeness score, with a mean of 0.78. Age was significantly associated with the seriousness, outcome, and onset time of ADRs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while gender was significantly associated with onset time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADR reporting in Sierra Leone has improved, with antiparasitic medicines and vaccines most frequently linked to reactions. Sustaining progress requires enhanced training, public engagement, and strengthened active pharmacovigilance to ensure completeness and patient safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T03:26:17Z","timestamp":1773199577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trends and Patterns of Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Sierra Leone: A Retrospective Analysis of\n                    <scp>VigiFlow<\/scp>\n                    Data (2008\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3109-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isatu","family":"Jalloh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences University of Sierra Leone  Freetown Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onome Thomas","family":"Abiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences University of Sierra Leone  Freetown Sierra Leone"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacovigilance and Clinical Trials, Pharmacy Board of Sierra Leone  Freetown Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Bai","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Faculty of Health Southern Cross University, Pharmacy Board of Sierra Leone  Lismore Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences University of Sierra Leone  Freetown Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Vagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Rhodes University  Makhanda South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelaveni","family":"Padayachee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02799-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312117690404"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2016.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7456.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264\u2010016\u20100447\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1482394"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976\u2010500X.120957"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cThe Importance of Pharmacovigilance: Safety Monitoring of Medicinal Products 2002 \u201dhttps:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/42493."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Pharmacovigilance: The Science and Activities Relating to the Detection, Assessment, Understanding and Prevention of Adverse Effects or Any Other Medicine\u2010 Or Vaccine\u2010Related Problem","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1662"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2024.102758"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13867-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441\u2010022\u201000415\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210\u2010024\u201002914\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.657"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-1483.62222"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264\u2010015\u20100387\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40290-019-00267-2"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) and Emergencies: The Prevalence of Suspected ADR in Four Emergency Departments in Germany","volume":"115","author":"Schurig A. 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