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Psychotropic medication use was defined as \u2265\u20091 prescription fill per year; polypharmacy as \u2265\u20092 classes used concurrently for \u2265\u200960\u2009days. Generalized linear mixed models with natural cubic splines describe longitudinal growth trajectories as a function of age at first IDD diagnosis and follow\u2010up year, adjusting for gender, cohort year and region of residence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within 3\u2009years of diagnosis, 40.1% of children initiated psychotropic medication, and 9.4% experienced sustained polypharmacy. Medication use increased with each follow\u2010up year among children diagnosed before age 12. For example, children diagnosed at age 2 had a 2.34\u2010fold increase in medication use by year 3 versus year 1 (95% CI: 1.56\u20133.53) and nearly a sixfold increase in polypharmacy (OR\u2009=\u20095.89; 95% CI: 2.89\u201311.99). In contrast, children diagnosed during adolescence showed higher initial use but minimal growth. Psychiatric comorbidities also increased with time, particularly among younger children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children diagnosed with IDD at younger ages experience steep increases in psychotropic medication use over time, including sustained exposure to polypharmacy. Additional research on long\u2010term benefits and harms of psychiatric medication use is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:24:12Z","timestamp":1787012652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medication Growth Following Diagnosis of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities at Varying Ages Throughout Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Christian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela E.","family":"Annis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Cecil G Sheps Center for Health Services Research  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neal A.","family":"deJong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6593-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5472-1677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip M.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University State University of New York  Binghamton New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1611-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen C.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Cecil G Sheps Center for Health Services Research  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20230639"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10445463261448803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2624"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181ae0a08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596\u2010019\u201001177\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218711"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Deprescribing in a Youth With an Intellectual Disability, Autism, Behavioural Problems, and Medication\u2010Related Obesity: A Case Study","volume":"28","author":"McLennan J. 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