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We described the use of nonevidence\u2010based COVID\u201019 medicines and supplements among children from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort, according to sociodemographic and health\u2010related characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the 6\u20137\u2010year follow\u2010up were analyzed. Mothers\/caregivers reported children's use of nonevidence\u2010based medicines (azithromycin, chloroquine\/hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, nitazoxanide) and supplements (vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc) along with sociodemographic and health\u2010related characteristics. Two scores were analyzed: (1) child's COVID\u201019 burden score (considering negative experiences such as death or separation from a close person due to COVID\u201019, and risk factors such as living with older adults or having asthma, bronchitis, or obesity) and (2) preventive behavior score (limited outdoor exposure during COVID\u201019 and vaccine uptake against COVID\u201019). Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with nonevidence\u2010based medicine and supplement use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 3098 children interviewed after COVID\u201019 vaccines became available in the municipality, 13.9% (95% CI 12.7\u201315.2) used nonevidence\u2010based medicines and supplements for COVID\u201019. Overall, the use of nonevidence\u2010based medicines and supplements increased with higher COVID\u201019 burden scores and decreased with higher preventive behavior scores. Unvaccinated children had 2.57\u2010fold higher odds of using off\u2010label medicines than vaccinated children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight behavioral responses during a health emergency and suggest that public health policies should strengthen evidence\u2010based risk communication and discourage inappropriate medicine use during future health emergencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T03:04:21Z","timestamp":1787540661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric Use of Off\u2010Label Medicines and Nonevidence\u2010Based Supplements for\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019: Findings From the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study (Brazil)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4680-3197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9a D\u00e2maso","family":"Bertoldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7812-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Silva","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Crispim","family":"Boing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina  Florian\u00f3polis Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6453-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marysabel Pinto Telis","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Curi","family":"Hallal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"},{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari\u00e2ngela Freitas","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology Federal University of Pelotas  Pelotas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(25)00094\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2022018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30565-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"An Unprecedented Attack on Human Rights in Brazil: The Timeline of the Federal Government's Strategy to Spread COVID\u201019","author":"Ventura D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)00141\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0102\u2010311X00194121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0102\u2010311XEN001022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa) \u201cResolution RDC No. 351 March 20 2020. 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