{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:07:17Z","timestamp":1789736837087,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Enviro Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plant lineage has traditionally constrained grafting compatibility, with monocots generally considered incompatible because of their dispersed vascular bundles and limited secondary growth. Recent studies have shown that embryonic grafting can establish successful graft unions in selected monocot systems by exploiting early developmental plasticity before anatomical constraints become fully established. Experimental evidence from cereals and orchids has demonstrated callus adhesion, vascular reconnection, and early tissue integration under controlled conditions, indicating that embryonic grafting represents a promising developmental approach distinct from conventional grafting. However, successful graft union formation does not necessarily ensure long\u2010term functional integration. Current evidence indicates that distant grafts may exhibit developmental desynchronization, endoplasmic reticulum stress\u2010associated reproductive defects, genomic dosage imbalance, and sterility, while reproducibility across taxa and translation beyond controlled environments remains poorly understood. Genome\u2010editing studies have identified sterility\u2010associated genes (ORF3\/4\/5, Ms1, and S\u2010RNase), flowering regulators (Hd1 and FT homologs), and meristem\u2010vascular identity genes (WUS, CUC\/LOB, and MADS\u2010box family members) as candidate targets for investigating mechanisms underlying compatibility and reproductive stability. However, the application of these molecular approaches to embryonic graft\u2010derived systems remains largely unexplored. This review synthesizes current advances in embryonic grafting, discusses the molecular basis of graft compatibility and reproductive stability, and highlights key challenges and future research directions for integrating developmental biology with genome editing to improve graft success across wider taxonomic boundaries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pei3.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:40:53Z","timestamp":1789735253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Graft Biology in the CRISPR Era: From Tissue Fusion to Genome Compatibility"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0274-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melagani Subash Chandra Gowda","family":"Sahaja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences Manipal School of Life Sciences, Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5973-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melagani Subash Chandra Gowda","family":"Sahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences Manipal School of Life Sciences, Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7408-1871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Revathi","family":"Thottathil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences Manipal School of Life Sciences, Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2227-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chithra","family":"Rekha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences Manipal School of Life Sciences, Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7405-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poomangalath","family":"Priyada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences Manipal School of Life Sciences, Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6377-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vidhu Sankar","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences Manipal School of Life Sciences, Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.70057","article-title":"Modern and Historical Uses of Plant Grafting to Engineer Development, Stress Tolerance, Chimeras, and Hybrids","volume":"121","author":"Augstein F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI14533-19","article-title":"Analysis of World Research on Grafting in Horticultural Plants","volume":"55","author":"Belmonte\u2010Ure\u00f1a L. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59280-6","article-title":"Construction of Multi\u2010Targeted CRISPR Libraries in Tomato to Overcome Functional Redundancy at Genome\u2010Scale Level","volume":"16","author":"Berman A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","volume-title":"The Embryology of Angiosperms","author":"Bhatnagar S. P.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857092793","volume-title":"Rice Quality: A Guide to Rice Properties and Analysis","author":"Bhattacharya K. R.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.390","article-title":"Trends in Rice Research: 2030 and Beyond","volume":"12","author":"Bin Rahman A. R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food and Energy Security"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104294","article-title":"Methods of Inducing Doubling of Chromosomes in Plants by Treatment With Colchicine","volume":"28","author":"Blakeslee A. F.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Journal of Heredity"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-022-04054-3","article-title":"Recent Advances and Challenges in Potato Improvement Using CRISPR\/Cas Genome Editing","volume":"257","author":"Chincinska I. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Planta"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2006.11512041","article-title":"Yield, Fruit Quality and Mineral Composition of Grafted Melon Plants Grown Under Saline Conditions","volume":"81","author":"Colla G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.41.3.622","article-title":"Effect of Salinity on Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Gas Exchange, and Mineral Composition of Grafted Watermelon Plants","volume":"41","author":"Colla G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.45.4.559"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.17516\/1997-1389-0185","article-title":"Grafts of Woody Plants and the Problem of Incompatibility Between Scion and Rootstock","volume":"4","author":"Darikova J. A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240\u2010010\u20109786\u20105"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq255","article-title":"Sodium and Chloride Exclusion and Retention by Non\u2010Grafted and Grafted Melon and Cucurbita Plants","volume":"62","author":"Edelstein M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00376","article-title":"Overcoming Self\u2010Incompatibility in Diploid Potato Using CRISPR\u2010Cas9","volume":"10","author":"Enciso\u2010Rodriguez F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.12.006","article-title":"Plant Grafting: Molecular Mechanisms and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Feng M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecular Plant"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0176\u20101617\u201000809"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-1003-4_5","volume-title":"Industrial Crop Plants","author":"Gohil S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.782737"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477\u2010025\u201001966\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010arplant\u2010050312\u2010120053"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2025.112345"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2008.11512427"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477\u2010025\u201001982\u20102"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_17_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Auxin and Cytokinin on Grafting and Growth of Sapling of Guava (\n                     Psidium guajava\n                   L.)","volume":"13","author":"Kumari M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International journal of environment and climate change"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870\u2010017\u20101093\u20103"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_17_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.29.4.235","article-title":"Cultivation of Grafted Vegetables I. Current Status, Grafting Methods, and Benefits","volume":"29","author":"Lee J. M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643096240","volume-title":"Grafting and Budding: A Practical Guide for Fruit and Nut Plants and Ornamentals","author":"Lewis W. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_31_1","article-title":"Reassessment of the Four Yield\u2010Related Genes Gn1a, DEP1, GS3, and IPA1 in Rice Using a CRISPR\/Cas9 System","volume":"7","author":"Li M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007\u2010019\u20100477\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870\u2010021\u201003039\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/reg2.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537\u20102197.1984.tb14182.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470593776.ch9","article-title":"A History of Grafting","volume":"35","author":"Mudge K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horticultural Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_17_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1021\/acsagscitech.1c00146","article-title":"Nanocarrier\u2010Mediated Delivery of miRNA, RNAi, and CRISPR\u2010Cas for Plant Protection: Current Trends and Future Directions","volume":"1","author":"Mujtaba M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Agricultural Science & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2024.112345"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2018.04.001","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas Approach: A New Way of Looking at Plant\u2010Abiotic Interactions","volume":"224","author":"Mushtaq M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Plant Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2438855"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265\u2010017\u20100994\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.100.5.471"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01457"},{"issue":"6504","key":"e_1_2_17_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3710","article-title":"Cell\u2010Cell Adhesion in Plant Grafting Is Facilitated by \u03b2\u20101,4\u2010Glucanases","volume":"369","author":"Notaguchi M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13106"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.12.9.1523"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30848\/PJB2020\u20104(36)"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12284\u2010020\u201000452\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.590847"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201004344\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1541"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_53_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Role of Grafting in Horticultural Plants Under Stress Conditions","volume":"1","author":"Rivero R. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adu1470"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668\u2010025\u201002104\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00326184"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10020263"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.140.3.203"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_17_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-005-9029-3","article-title":"In Vitro Induction of Polyploidy in Japanese Quince (\n                     Chaenomeles japonica\n                  )","volume":"84","author":"Stanys V.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.152.3728.1463"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1508\/cytologia.7.544"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab246"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.827808"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1121209"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcx098"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u2010313X.2002.01419.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580\u2010025\u201000851\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14383"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_70_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Improved Vectors for \n                     Agrobacterium tumefaciens\n                  \u2010Mediated Transformation of Monocot Plants","volume":"461","author":"Wang M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Horticulturae"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1015317"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084454"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43897\u2010024\u201000124\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580\u2010018\u20100104\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13095"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2023.09.007"}],"container-title":["Plant-Environment Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pei3.70208","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pei3.70208","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pei3.70208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:40:58Z","timestamp":1789735258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pei3.70208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pei3.70208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pei3.70208","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2575-6265","2575-6265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2575-6265","type":"print"},{"value":"2575-6265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70208"}}