{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:00:48Z","timestamp":1790316048811,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Enviro Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Mediterranean fruit fly (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Ceratitis capitata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , Wiedemann; Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the Medfly, re\u2010emerged in Mazandaran province, northern Iran\u2014home to an estimated 25% of the nation's fruit crops and approximately 80% of its citrus production\u2014following its apparent eradication in 1984, an outcome consistent with several years of pheromone\u2010trap surveillance without further captures. Its return in 2006 and subsequent spread is consistent with a broader phenomenon we term the erosion of climatic pest barriers: seasonal thermal conditions that have historically suppressed or excluded pest populations, and which appear to be weakening as winters warm. Warming may facilitate Medfly persistence by relaxing overwintering limitation, although reinvasion pressure, host availability, fruit movement, and surveillance and management practices likely also contribute. In Mazandaran, growers report substantial on\u2010tree citrus losses during heavy infestation years, and pest\u2010induced fruit wounding may provide infection courts for common postharvest fungal pathogens, compounding losses for smallholder producers. Current management relies heavily on organophosphate insecticides, particularly malathion, whose hazard classification and associated risks are well documented, even though realized exposure\u2010related risk in practice depends on application conditions. We situate the Mazandaran case within a broader global pattern of climate\u2010associated pest range expansion and weakened biological control, and argue that resilience\u2010based alternatives\u2014including the Sterile Insect Technique, entomopathogenic agents, and threshold\u2010guided digital monitoring, embedded within climate\u2010smart agriculture frameworks\u2014offer a technically proven, though not yet regionally established, pathway forward. We propose that climatic pest barriers merit recognition as an ecosystem service whose erosion under warming carries implications for temperate agricultural systems beyond this case.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pei3.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:52:02Z","timestamp":1790315522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When Winters Fail: How Warming Winters Fuel Pest Resurgence and Threaten Food Security"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4223-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Farajpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahab","family":"Mirinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Moezipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sadat\u2010Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture University of Jiroft  Jiroft Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201083012\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/ioa\/9972955"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14090719"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat3466"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2025.1552720"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586\u2010025\u201000713\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2023\/2073"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340\u2010025\u201001985\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"Insect Molecular Genetics: An Introduction to Principles and Applications","author":"Hoy M. A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"Iran Daily.2025.\u201cClimate Change Sounds Alarm for Iran's Food Security.\u201dhttps:\/\/newspaper.irandaily.ir\/7855\/5\/15993."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542\u20105196(19)30266\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247\u2010025\u201002643\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2437"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010024\u201002204\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017\u2010025\u201000652\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Preliminary Investigation on the Geographical Distribution of Mediterranean Fruit Fly, \n                     Ceratitis capitata\n                   (Wiedemann) (Dip., Tephritidae), in Mazandaran Province, Iran","volume":"2","author":"Mirsardoo S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Entomological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201050587\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12111379"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42161\u2010023\u201001543\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201052861\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1163839"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1367538"}],"container-title":["Plant-Environment Interactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pei3.70216","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pei3.70216","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pei3.70216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:52:03Z","timestamp":1790315523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pei3.70216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pei3.70216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pei3.70216","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2575-6265","2575-6265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2575-6265","type":"print"},{"value":"2575-6265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70216"}}