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Subsequently, febrile neutropenia rates in patients receiving primary prophylactic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> were compared with febrile neutropenia rates in patients receiving <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> in settings other than primary prophylaxis or not at all. The impact of primary prophylactic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> could not be assessed for patients with colorectal cancer or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSCLC<\/jats:styled-content> because only 1 and 18 febrile neutropenia events, respectively, occurred in those receiving primary prophylactic CSF. Of the 998 patients with breast cancer, 72 (7.2%) experienced febrile neutropenia, 28 of whom received primary prophylactic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>. In the patients with breast cancer, we observed that primary prophylactic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> use was associated with reduced febrile neutropenia rates; however, the analysis may have been confounded by unmeasured factors associated with febrile neutropenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impact of primary prophylactic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>s on febrile neutropenia rates could not be demonstrated. Given the substantive cost of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>s to pharmacy budgets, there are numerous opportunities for pharmacists to optimize <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> use. Research studies are needed to evaluate if guideline\u2010directed prescribing of primary prophylactic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSFs<\/jats:styled-content> can improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T03:30:43Z","timestamp":1346815843000},"page":"7-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Colony\u2010Stimulating Factor Use and Impact on Febrile Neutropenia Among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Breast, Colorectal, or Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer Who Were Receiving Chemotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jeannine S.","family":"McCune","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Washington"},{"name":"The Research and Economic Assessment in Cancer and Healthcare (REACH) Group Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean D.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Blough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Washington"},{"name":"The Research and Economic Assessment in Cancer and Healthcare (REACH) Group Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornerstone Systems Northwest, Inc. 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