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Epidemiologic evidence links vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> deficiency to autoimmune disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, dementia, infectious diseases, musculoskeletal decline, and more. The Institute of Medicine published an exhaustive report in 2010 that concluded that vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> supplementation for indications other than musculoskeletal health was not adequately supported by evidence and that most North Americans receive sufficient vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> from their diet and sun exposure. These conclusions are at odds with some clinical practice guidelines; thus, we sought to summarize the best available evidence regarding the benefits of vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> supplementation, to examine the potential risks, and to provide practical dosing advice. The adequacy of vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> stores is determined by measuring the 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations. The demarcations between deficiency (&lt; 20\u00a0ng\/ml), insufficiency (20\u201330\u00a0ng\/ml), and optimal (30\u201380\u00a0ng\/ml) serum concentrations are controversial. Vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> in doses of 800\u20135000\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content>\/day improve musculoskeletal health (e.g., reduces the rate of fractures and falls in older adults (aged\u00a0\u2265\u00a065\u00a0yrs). In patients with documented vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> deficiency, a cumulative dose of at least 600,000\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content> administered over several weeks appears to be necessary to replenish vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> stores. Single large doses of 300,000\u2013500,000\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content> should be avoided. Vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> supplementation should not be offered routinely to other patient populations. Although results from some prospective clinical trials are promising, most have not been robustly designed and executed. The decision by young, otherwise healthy adults to take vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> in doses of 2000\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content>\/day or lower is unlikely to cause harm. For patients who are not at risk for developing vitamin D deficiency, sensible sun exposure is an inexpensive and enjoyable way to maintain vitamin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> stores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T03:56:58Z","timestamp":1346817418000},"page":"354-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Vitamin <scp>D<\/scp> Supplementation: What's Known, What to Do, and What's Needed"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Stuart T.","family":"Haines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science University of Maryland School of Pharmacy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon K.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences Notre Dame of Maryland University School of Pharmacy Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"KolataG.Report questions need for 2 diet supplements. 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