{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:11:36Z","timestamp":1768871496852,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"\n Study Objective<\/jats:title>\n To estimate the prevalence of congenital anomalies among the offspring of women exposed and unexposed to antihypertensive drugs during early pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Matched cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Database<\/jats:title>\n The United Kingdom's General Practice Research Database.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Subjects<\/jats:title>\n Women exposed to antihypertensive drugs during early pregnancy and a sample of matched unexposed pregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The prevalence of any anomaly among unexposed and exposed women was 23.5 (95% confidence interval [\n CI]<\/jats:styled-content>\n 14.4\u201338.3) and 20.9 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 10.0\u201343.8) per 1000 pregnancies, respectively (relative risk [\n RR]<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.9, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.4\u20132.2). The relative risk of limb anomalies among women exposed to \u03b2\u2010blockers was 6.4 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.6\u201370.1). Exposure to angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme (\n ACE)<\/jats:styled-content>\n inhibitors, \u03b2\u2010blockers, and calcium channel blockers increased the risk of genital anomalies (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3.8, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.9\u201316.0;\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2.8, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.7\u201311.9;\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1.3, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.1\u201312.4, respectively).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n ACE inhibitors prescribed in the first trimester of pregnancy appeared to increase the risk of congenital anomalies among the offspring of exposed women (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2.5, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.5\u201313.5). These drugs should be avoided in women planning to become pregnant. A marginally increased risk was also found with exposure to \u03b2\u2010blockers (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1.4, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.6\u20133.3). These findings are based on small numbers and are not statistically significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T08:52:48Z","timestamp":1364806368000},"page":"476-482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antihypertensive Drugs and the Risk of Congenital Anomalies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Vasilakis\u2010Scaramozza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Aschengrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard 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