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Its estimated prevalence is expected to double within the next 50\u00a0years. During the past decade, there have been significant advances in the treatment of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Studies have demonstrated that a rate control strategy, with a target resting heart rate between 80 and 100\u00a0beats\/minute, is recommended over rhythm control in the vast majority of patients. The\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2265 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age \u2265 65 yrs, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, female gender) scoring system is a potentially useful stroke risk stratification tool that incorporates additional risk factors to the commonly used\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHADS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age \u2265 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke transient ischemic attack) scoring tool. Similarly, a convenient scheme, termed\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (hypertension, abnormal renal\/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile international normalized ratio, elderly, drugs\/alcohol concomitantly), to assess bleeding risk has emerged that may be useful in select patients. Furthermore, new antithrombotic strategies have been developed as potential alternatives to warfarin, including dual\u2010antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel plus aspirin and the development of new oral anticoagulants such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Vernakalant has emerged as another potential option for pharmacologic conversion of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , whereas recent trials have better defined the role of dronedarone in the maintenance of sinus rhythm. Finally, catheter ablation represents another alternative to manage\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , whereas upstream therapy with inhibitors of the renin\u2010angiotensin\u2010aldosterone system, statins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids could potentially prevent the occurrence of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . 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