{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T17:08:22Z","timestamp":1771002502969,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pharmacologic interventions for human immunodeficiency virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>) wasting have been studied since the 1990s, but the results of these interventions have been difficult to compare because the studies used different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting definitions and assessed various patient outcomes. Thus, we performed a systematic review of the current literature to identify studies that evaluated pharmacologic management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting and to compare and contrast treatment options. Further, we provide a comprehensive review of these treatment options and describe the definition of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting used in each study, the outcomes assessed, and whether antiretroviral therapy was used during the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting treatment. Literature searches of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>ub<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ed\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Medline<\/jats:styled-content> (1946\u20132014) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>oogle <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cholar databases were performed, and a review of the bibliographies of retrieved articles was performed to identify additional references. Only English\u2010language articles pertaining to humans and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected individuals were evaluated. Thirty\u2010six studies were identified that assessed pharmacologic interventions to treat <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting. Appetite stimulants, such as megestrol acetate, have been shown to increase total body weight (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBW<\/jats:styled-content>) and body mass index in HIV\u2010infected patients with wasting. Studies evaluating dronabinol showed conflicting data on TBW increases, but the drug may have minimal benefit on body composition compared with other appetite stimulants. Testosterone has been shown to be effective in HIV wasting for those who suffer from hypogonadism. Recombinant human growth hormone has been evaluated for HIV wasting and has shown promising results for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBW<\/jats:styled-content> and lean body mass increases. Thalidomide has been studied; however, its use is limited due to its toxicities. Although megestrol acetate and dronabinol are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FDA<\/jats:styled-content>) for the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting, it is important to recognize other comorbidities such as depression or hypogonadism that may contribute to the patient's appetite and weight loss. If a patient is diagnosed with hypogonadism and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting, testosterone would be a good therapeutic option. Although mirtazapine is not <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FDA<\/jats:styled-content> approved for the management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting, it has been shown to promote weight gain while treating depression symptoms. Mirtazapine may be a promising pharmacologic option in the management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> wasting and depression, but further research is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T01:02:53Z","timestamp":1398819773000},"page":"868-881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pharmacologic Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Wasting Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Melissa","family":"Badowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neha Sheth","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore 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