{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:02:53Z","timestamp":1792270973810,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) and dyspareunia are common problems experienced by postmenopausal women, although few seek treatment. Symptom\u2010based therapies include nonhormonal vaginal lubricants, vaginal moisturizers, low\u2010dose vaginal estrogen, and systemic estrogen. The 2013 United States Food and Drug Administration approval of ospemifene, an estrogen agonist\/antagonist for the treatment of moderate\u2010to\u2010severe dyspareunia associated with VVA, increased options available to women. Several studies have evaluated the effects of ospemifene on VVA and dyspareunia and indicate an improvement in subjective findings. Objective findings such as a decrease in pH and recovery of a premenopausal vaginal maturation index have been reported. Beneficial effects have also been demonstrated in bone. Evaluations of breast health support the safety of ospemifene, although data are limited to 1\u00a0year. Short\u2010term risks appear to be limited and include the development of hot flushes. Until additional comparative studies of ospemifene and estrogens have been performed, ospemifene should be recommended for women with symptoms of VVA and dyspareunia who are unable to tolerate or unwilling to take local or systemic estrogens. In this review, current evidence for the safety and efficacy of ospemifene in the treatment of moderate\u2010to\u2010severe VVA and dyspareunia are evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T07:50:58Z","timestamp":1406101858000},"page":"1050-1060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ospemifene for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy and Dyspareunia in Postmenopausal Women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Amber N.","family":"McLendon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Campbell University College of Pharmacy &amp; Health Sciences Buies Creek North Carolina"},{"name":"Glenaire Continuing Care Retirement Community Cary North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie B.","family":"Clinard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Campbell University College of Pharmacy &amp; Health Sciences Buies Creek North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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