{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:51:51Z","timestamp":1786978311382,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Individuals with gender dysphoria experience distress associated with incongruence between their biologic sex and their identified gender. Gender dysphoric natal males receive treatment with antiandrogens and estrogens to become feminized (transsexual females), whereas natal females with gender dysphoria receive treatment with androgens to become masculinized (transsexual males). Because of the permanence associated with cross\u2010sex hormone therapy (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSHT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), adolescents diagnosed with gender dysphoria receive gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone analogs to suppress puberty. High rates of depression and suicide are linked to social marginalization and barriers to care. Behavior, emotional problems, depressive symptoms, and global functioning improve in adolescents receiving puberty suppression therapy. Gender dysphoria, psychological symptoms, quality of life, and sexual function improve in adults who receive\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSHT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Within the first 6\u00a0months of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSHT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , changes in transsexual females include breast growth, decreased testicular volume, and decreased spontaneous erections, and changes in transsexual males include cessation of menses, breast atrophy, clitoral enlargement, and voice deepening. Both transsexual females and males experience changes in body fat redistribution, muscle mass, and hair growth. Desired effects from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSHT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    can take between 3 and 5\u00a0years; however, effects that occur during puberty, such as voice deepening and skeletal structure changes, cannot be reversed with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSHT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Decreased sexual desire is a greater concern in transsexual females than in transsexual males, with testosterone concentrations linked to sexual desire in both. Regarding\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSHT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    safety, bone mineral density is preserved with adequate hormone supplementation, but long\u2010term fracture risk has not been studied. The transition away from high\u2010dose traditional regimens is tied to a lower risk of venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular disease, but data quality is poor. Breast cancer has been reported in both transsexual males and females, but preliminary data suggest that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSHT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    does not increase the risk. Cancer screenings for individuals of both natal and transitioned sexes should occur as recommended. More long\u2010term studies are needed to ensure that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSHT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    regimens with the best outcomes can continue to be prescribed for the transsexual population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T08:07:05Z","timestamp":1410768425000},"page":"1282-1297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Gonadal Suppressive and Cross\u2010Sex Hormone Therapy for Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Katherine P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Roseman University of Health Sciences South Jordan Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Madison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Nevada Health District Roseman University of Health Sciences Las Vegas Nevada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki M.","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roseman University of Health Sciences South Jordan Utah"},{"name":"Utah Valley Regional Medical Center, Family Medicine Clinic Provo, Utah Provo Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2011.700873"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0345"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association.Gender Dysphoria 2013. 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