{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:09:41Z","timestamp":1792782581905,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]],"date-time":"2015-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Durata Therapeutics"},{"name":"Astellas Pharma, Inc.","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0364brr43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During pregnancy, untreated sexually transmitted or urinary tract infections are associated with significant morbidity, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and spontaneous abortion. Approximately one in four women will be prescribed an antibiotic during pregnancy, accounting for nearly 80% of prescription medications in pregnant women. Antibiotic exposures during pregnancy have been associated with both short\u2010term (e.g., congenital abnormalities) and long\u2010term effects (e.g., changes in gut microbiome, asthma, atopic dermatitis) in the newborn. However, it is estimated that only 10% of medications have sufficient data related to safe and effective use in pregnancy. Antibiotics such as beta\u2010lactams, vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, metronidazole, clindamycin, and fosfomycin are generally considered safe and effective in pregnancy. Fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines are generally avoided in pregnancy. Physiologic changes in pregnancy lead to an increase in glomerular filtration rate, increase in total body volume, and enhanced cardiac output. These changes may lead to pharmacokinetic alterations in antibiotics that require dose adjustment or careful monitoring and assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]],"date-time":"2015-11-23T23:23:27Z","timestamp":1448321007000},"page":"1052-1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":312,"title":["A Review of Antibiotic Use in Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"P. Brandon","family":"Bookstaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences South Carolina College of Pharmacy University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy University of Georgia College of Pharmacy Savannah Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy Downers Grove Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla R.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy Jackson Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea S.","family":"Eiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy Meridian Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy Downers Grove Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899309147314"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1915","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of anti\u2010infective use during pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Santos F","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3492"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp130797"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2014.939580"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.09.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.167.11.956"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"The prenatal use of antibiotics and the development of allergic disease in one year old infants. A preliminary study","volume":"1","author":"Jedrychowski W","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"CD002250","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and morbidity","author":"Thinkhamrop J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"37434","article-title":"Labeling and prescription drug advertising: content and format for labeling for human prescription drugs","volume":"44","author":"United States Food and Drug Administration","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"Federal Register.Content and Format of Labeling for Human Prescription Drug and Biological Products; Requirements for Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling. Available fromhttps:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/articles\/2014\/12\/04\/2014-28241\/content-and-format-of-labeling-for-human-prescription-drug-and-biological-products-requirements-for#h-23. Accessed March 30 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physiologic and pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy","volume":"65","author":"Costantine MM","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2001.24565"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544100-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"Drugs in pregnancy and lactation","author":"Briggs GGFR","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e31818091cd"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease","volume":"10","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199528030-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128072-200103110-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.3.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Update to CDC's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr6403a1.htm. Accessed July 6 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","unstructured":"United States National Library of Medicine.DailyMed. Available fromhttp:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/index.cfm. Accessed April 27 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(21)00372-7","article-title":"Aztreonam","volume":"3","author":"Clark P","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","first-page":"978","article-title":"Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"11","author":"Crider KS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"CD007855","article-title":"Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Guinto VT","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90766-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01691-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1624-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(96)80179-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to azithromycin","volume":"18","author":"Sarkar M","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.538"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181cc55a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90644-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K561"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M650"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis337"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0143-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in pregnant population, which empirical antimicrobial agent should be specified in each of the three trimesters?","volume":"5","author":"Unlu BS","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(03)00109-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003329"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06477-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30337-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Haemolytic anaemia after nitrofurantoin treatment in a pregnant woman with G6PD deficiency","author":"Mheen L","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2005.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/jtgga.2011.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03544.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2179"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/364526"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0617-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124070-00006"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fphar.1649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phar.1649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:08:06Z","timestamp":1761052086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phar.1649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/phar.1649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.1649","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}