{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:44:03Z","timestamp":1790729043042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,9]],"date-time":"2016-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Study Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>No clinical trials are currently available that demonstrate the effects of marijuana on patients with migraine headache; however, the potential effects of cannabinoids on serotonin in the central nervous system indicate that marijuana may be a therapeutic alternative. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the effects of medical marijuana on the monthly frequency of migraine headache.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective chart review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two medical marijuana specialty clinics in Colorado.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred twenty\u2010one adults with the primary diagnosis of migraine headache who were recommended migraine treatment or prophylaxis with medical marijuana by a physician, between January 2010 and September 2014, and had at least one follow\u2010up visit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was number of migraine headaches per month with medical marijuana use. Secondary outcomes were the type and dose of medical marijuana used, previous and adjunctive migraine therapies, and patient\u2010reported effects. Migraine headache frequency decreased from 10.4 to 4.6 headaches per month (p&lt;0.0001) with the use of medical marijuana. Most patients used more than one form of marijuana and used it daily for prevention of migraine headache. Positive effects were reported in 48 patients (39.7%), with the most common effects reported being prevention of migraine headache with decreased frequency of migraine headache (24 patients [19.8%]) and aborted migraine headache (14 patients [11.6%]). Inhaled forms of marijuana were commonly used for acute migraine treatment and were reported to abort migraine headache. Negative effects were reported in 14 patients (11.6%); the most common effects were somnolence (2 patients [1.7%]) and difficulty controlling the effects of marijuana related to timing and intensity of the dose (2 patients [1.7%]), which were experienced only in patients using edible marijuana. Edible marijuana was also reported to cause more negative effects compared with other forms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of migraine headache was decreased with medical marijuana use. Prospective studies should be conducted to explore a cause\u2010and\u2010effect relationship and the use of different strains, formulations, and doses of marijuana to better understand the effects of medical marijuana on migraine headache treatment and prophylaxis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,10]],"date-time":"2016-01-10T14:16:05Z","timestamp":1452435365000},"page":"505-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Effects of Medical Marijuana on Migraine Headache Frequency in an Adult Population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Danielle N.","family":"Rhyne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Gedde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gedde Whole Health Littleton Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Borgelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Aurora Colorado"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1188","article-title":"Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents","volume":"3","author":"Guzman M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics: From Bench to Bedside","author":"Russo EB","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Clinical endocannabinoid defieciency (CECD): can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment\u2010resistant conditions?","volume":"29","author":"Russo E","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12025","article-title":"Cannabinoids and hallucinogens for headache","volume":"53","author":"McGeeney B","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12570","article-title":"Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: what a long strange trip it's been","volume":"55","author":"Baron EP","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301246","article-title":"Endocannabinoids in chronic migraine: CSF findings suggest a system failure","volume":"32","author":"Sarchielli P","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182535d20","article-title":"Evidence\u2010based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults","volume":"78","author":"Silberstein S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"MikuriyaTH.Chronic migraine headache: Five cases successfully treated with marinol and\/or illicit cannabis.1991. Available fromhttp:\/\/druglibrary.org\/schaffer\/hemp\/migrn1.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x","article-title":"Potency trends of \u03949\u2010THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated cannabis preparations from 1993 to 2008","volume":"55","author":"Mehmedic Z","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.Monitoring health concerns related to marijuana in Colorado.2014. Available fromhttps:\/\/www.colorado.gov\/pacific\/cdphe\/retail-marijuana-public-health-advisory-committee. Accessed September 29 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342040-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids","volume":"42","author":"Grotenhermen F","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fphar.1673","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fphar.1673","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phar.1673","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:15:15Z","timestamp":1761059715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phar.1673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,9]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/phar.1673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.1673","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-01-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}