{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:24:38Z","timestamp":1777389878981,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify the risk of glioblastoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content>) and its most aggressive form, glioblastoma multiforme (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010M), in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>) inhibitors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAERS<\/jats:styled-content>) and the World Health Organization (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>) Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring were used to perform a disproportionality analysis. We computed reporting odds ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROR<\/jats:styled-content>s) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the association between use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content> inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab, and golimumab) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010M compared to all other drugs with adverse events reported in the databases. A harmful signal was deemed for a lower limit of the 95% confidence interval above 1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 81 cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010M with adalimumab in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U.S.<\/jats:styled-content> FDA <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAERS<\/jats:styled-content> and 49 cases in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> drug monitoring database. For infliximab, 40 and 32 cases were identified in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAERS<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> databases, respectfully. Infliximab had the highest association with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> ROR<\/jats:styled-content> = 7.41 (5.19\u201310.57), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAERS<\/jats:styled-content>:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> ROR<\/jats:styled-content> = 2.80 [1.89\u20134.15]). Adalimumab was also highly associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> ROR<\/jats:styled-content> = 3.54 [2.58\u20134.89], <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAERS<\/jats:styled-content>:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> ROR<\/jats:styled-content> = 1.99 [1.41\u20132.80]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content> inhibitors appear to be more strongly associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GBM<\/jats:styled-content> compared to other drugs in both the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FAERS<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> databases. Large epidemiologic studies are needed to confirm these findings. Although these results do not demonstrate a cause\u2010and\u2010effect relationship, they warrant further investigation by well\u2010designed epidemiologic studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T03:59:21Z","timestamp":1456891161000},"page":"449-454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Risk of Glioblastoma with TNF Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Samii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Washington Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahyar","family":"Etminan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0289"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics.Global Use of Medicines: Outlook Through 2016. 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