{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:54:33Z","timestamp":1783947273366,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]],"date-time":"2017-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24 DA038240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 DA038240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The medicinal use of marijuana has been legalized in 28 states, with a wide range of specificity for approved medical conditions. Even with the emergence of non\u2013combustion\u2010based delivery systems, 90% of marijuana users in 2014 used smoked marijuana. This review summarizes the data available on the use of smoked marijuana for medical purposes. A literature search was performed to retrieve randomized controlled trials exploring the efficacy of smoked cannabis for treatment of a medical condition. Studies with the primary end point listed as the effect of smoked cannabis on a disease\u2010specific characteristic were included. Open\u2010label studies and studies using other administration methods were excluded. Seven studies met these criteria and were included in this review. Cannabis did not outperform placebo on experimentally evoked pain or the timed walk test. Clear evidence indicates that smoked cannabis reduces intraocular pressure, but the effect is too brief (less than 4 hrs) to be of therapeutic benefit for this chronic disorder. Consistent evidence also showed that smoked marijuana, even at lower concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol, increased total daily calorie intake and number of eating occasions. Neither of the studies with quality of life as secondary outcome measures revealed statistically significantly improved outcomes with cannabis use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1511751728000},"page":"80-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Therapeutic Benefit of Smoked Cannabis in Randomized Placebo\u2010Controlled Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Lynneice L.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DART Research Training Program, Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee L.","family":"McRae\u2010Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Office of Research Integrity Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"288","volume-title":"Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Hemp & Flax in Colonial America;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"United States Pharmacopeia;2017. Available fromhttp:\/\/antiquecannabisbook.com\/Appendix\/AppendixC.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"\u201cThe Pharmacopeia of the United States of America (The United States pharmacopeia).\u201d Available fromhttps:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/pharmacopeiaofun09unit\/pharmacopeiaofun09unit_djvu.txt"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"The dispensatory of the United States of America 1868. Available fromhttps:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/dispensatoryofun00bachuoft-page\/382\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"Statement of Dr. William C. Woodward Legislative Council American Medical Association;2017. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.druglibrary.org\/Schaffer\/hemp\/taxact\/woodward.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"DEA\/Drug Scheduling 2017. Available fromhttps:\/\/www.dea.gov\/druginfo\/ds.shtml"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"440","volume-title":"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research","author":"National Academies of Sciences","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health);2016. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328345889d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000253187.66183.9c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091414"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31811ed205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110837"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35258-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13886"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.4005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1197266"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fphar.2064","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phar.2064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:49:29Z","timestamp":1761061769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phar.2064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/phar.2064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.2064","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-12-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}