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Low\u2010dose naltrexone has been used off\u2010label for treatment of pain and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, fibromyalgia, and other diseases. Naltrexone is a mu\u2010opioid receptor antagonist indicated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for opioid and alcohol dependence. It is hypothesized that lower than standard doses of naltrexone inhibit cellular proliferation of T and B cells and block Toll\u2010like receptor 4, resulting in an analgesic and antiinflammatory effect. It is the purpose of this review to examine the evidence of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of low\u2010dose naltrexone for use in chronic pain and inflammatory conditions. Currently, evidence supports the safety and tolerability of low\u2010dose naltrexone in multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, and Crohn's disease. Fewer studies support the efficacy of low\u2010dose naltrexone, with most of these focusing on subjective measures such as quality of life or self\u2010reported pain. These studies do demonstrate that low\u2010dose naltrexone has subjective benefits over placebo, but evidence for more objective measures is limited. However, further randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the efficacy of low\u2010dose naltrexone due to insufficient evidence supporting its use in these disease states. This review provides practitioners with the extent of low\u2010dose naltrexone evidence so that they can be cognizant of situations where it may not be the most appropriate therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T14:56:35Z","timestamp":1517237795000},"page":"382-389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["The Safety and Efficacy of Low\u2010Dose Naltrexone in the Management of Chronic Pain and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis, Fibromyalgia, Crohn's Disease, and Other Chronic Pain Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Denise K.","family":"Patten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regis University School of Pharmacy Denver Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bob G.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regis University School of Pharmacy Denver Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3727-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Berlau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regis University School of Pharmacy Denver Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"26","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Vital signs: variation among states in prescribing of opioid pain relievers and benzodiazepines\u2014United States, 2012","volume":"63","author":"Paulozzi LJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013628"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"CD010692","article-title":"Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults","author":"Gaskell H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002469"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23176"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.150501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/804296"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"LDN Research Trust.LDN Pharmacists. 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