{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:05:18Z","timestamp":1789067118241,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]],"date-time":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research suggests the medical consequences of gabapentin overuse depend on whether gabapentin is abused alone or with opioids to potentiate an opioid \u201chigh.\u201d The objective of this study was to assess predictors of gabapentin overuse with or without concomitant opioids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were obtained from the Truven Health MarketScan\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      Commercial Claims and Encounters database for 2013 through 2015. Eligibility criteria were gabapentin utilization, with or without opioids, for 120 days or longer throughout a 12\u2010month observation period. Cohort identification was based on patterns of overuse exceeding thresholds of 3600 mg of gabapentin and\/or 50 morphine\u2010mg equivalents of opioids; sustained overuse was defined as three or more quarters exceeding threshold. Diagnostic predictors were measured in the 6 months pretreatment in inpatient (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) or emergency department (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) settings. Indications were measured in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , or ambulatory settings. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, indication, use of benzodiazepine or z\u2010hypnotics (i.e., zaleplon, zolpidem, eszopiclone) during gabapentin treatment, pretreatment\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      use, and pretreatment diagnoses of anxiety or depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Criteria for sustained overuse were met by 2.0% of 44,148 patients treated with gabapentin without opioids and by 11.7% of 15,335 patients treated with concomitant gabapentin\u2010opioid. The top three predictors of sustained overuse for gabapentin\u2010only patients were insomnia (7.0%), euphoria (4.5%), and bipolar disorder (4.5%), and were detoxification (35.6%), altered mental status (26.3%), and addiction (21.6%) for gabapentin\u2010opioid patients. In adjusted analyses, concomitant opioid use multiplied the odds of sustained misuse by 6.32 (95% confidence interval [\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ] = 5.80\u20136.89) and the interaction of addiction with opioid use by 1.88 (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 1.32\u20132.66). Among gabapentin\u2010only patients, sustained misuse was predicted by a history of anxiety (odds ratio = 1.56, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 1.02\u20132.38) but not by a history of addiction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The likelihood of gabapentin overuse alone is low but significantly increases with concomitant opioid use, especially when coupled with a history of addiction. History of addiction does not appear to increase risk of gabapentin misuse among those with gabapentin alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T02:42:38Z","timestamp":1519699358000},"page":"436-443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Predictors of Gabapentin Overuse With or Without Concomitant Opioids in a Commercially Insured U.S. Population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9638-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Peckham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice College of Pharmacy\u2010Glendale Midwestern University Glendale Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0913-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirk E.","family":"Evoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy The University of Texas at Austin San Antonio Texas"},{"name":"School of Medicine UT Health Science Center San Antonio San Antonio Texas"},{"name":"Southeast Clinic University Health System San Antonio Texas"},{"name":"UT Health Science Center San Antonio Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center San Antonio Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2913-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan R.","family":"Covvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences Duquesne University School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Ochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice University of New England College of Pharmacy Portland Maine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Fairman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice College of Pharmacy\u2010Glendale Midwestern University Glendale Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0983-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Sclar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice College of Pharmacy\u2010Glendale Midwestern University Glendale Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11536200-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000355268"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Neurontin\u00ae[package insert]. 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