{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:54:11Z","timestamp":1786978451286,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106HCP\u201005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106HCP\u201005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of four randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 293 patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      who received rituximab or control (either glucocorticoids, the established first\u2010line therapy [three trials], or saline [one trial]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Relevant studies published before February 2018 were identified from the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. Individual effect sizes were standardized, and a meta\u2010analysis was conducted to calculate the pooled effect size by using a random\u2010effects model. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring the following outcomes: clinical activity score (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), sight visual acuity reduction (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOSPECS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) score, proptosis, diplopia, changes in eye volume, quality of life, and adverse events. In the four included trials, 113 patients in the rituximab group and 108 patients in the control group were evaluated. Compared with the control group,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (weighted mean difference 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.25\u20130.89) was significantly reduced at 24\u00a0weeks in the rituximab group. Compared with the control group, considerable proptosis reduction was also observed in the rituximab group; however, the difference was not significant. The proportion of adverse events in the rituximab group was not significantly higher than that in the glucocorticoid control group, but one of the included trials indicated that the rituximab group had more serious adverse events than the saline control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rituximab is a relatively safe and viable treatment that is superior to glucocorticoids or saline for patients with moderate to severe\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . However, the incidence of serious adverse events was disparate among the included trials. Additional studies involving a larger sample size and investigating the optimal rituximab dosage, frequency, and method of administration are warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T10:10:00Z","timestamp":1522404600000},"page":"503-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab for the Treatment of Graves' Orbitopathy: A Meta\u2010analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Wan\u2010Chen","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Hwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology College of Medical Science and Technology Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u2010Wui","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evidence\u2010Based Health Care Department of Medical Research Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An\u2010Tsz","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine Bradenton Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka\u2010Wai","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evidence\u2010Based Health Care Department of Medical Research Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of General Surgery Department of Surgery Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Cochrane Taiwan Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0905750"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0806317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.4.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2016.1165606"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2389"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032534"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20430"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0283-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2572"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000453618"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Cochrane methods","author":"Higgins JPT","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2331047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1250881"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02119"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1804"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03762.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.05.029"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fphar.2111","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phar.2111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T10:21:08Z","timestamp":1761042068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phar.2111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/phar.2111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.2111","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}