{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:23:36Z","timestamp":1773807816312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Both calcium channel blockers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCBs<\/jats:styled-content>) and \u03b2 blockers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBs<\/jats:styled-content>) are associated with fatal substance exposures within the United States. Cases of overdose with these agents have the potential to be both complex and difficult to manage. A variety of pharmacologic treatment options are available for clinicians to use to help mitigate harm from these poisonings. Hyperinsulinemic\u2010euglycemic therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIET<\/jats:styled-content>) was once regarded as a last\u2010ditch effort to treat patients in highly refractory cases. In recent years, this therapy has become a routine therapy in the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BB<\/jats:styled-content> overdose. This article provides a literature review regarding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIET<\/jats:styled-content> in cases of overdose with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCB<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BB<\/jats:styled-content> agents. Relevant literature articles from 1997\u20132018 were identified and reviewed using the PubMed and Embase databases. The following search terms were used to identify potential articles: \u201chyperinsulinemic\u2010euglycemic therapy,\u201d \u201coverdose,\u201d \u201ccalcium channel blocker,\u201d \u201cbeta blocker,\u201d and \u201cinsulin.\u201d Articles published in the English language were included in this review. A manual search of reference lists was also conducted. Much of the literature is limited to case reports, series, retrospective chart reviews, and small prospective studies. The success rate observed in published case series ranged from 80.4\u2013100%. Regular insulin is most commonly dosed at an initial bolus of 1\u00a0unit\/kg followed by a regular insulin infusion of 0.5\u20131\u00a0unit\/kg\/hour. Euglycemia is often maintained using intravenous fluids containing dextrose. Hyperinsulinemic\u2010euglycemic therapy exhibited a promising safety profile, provided close monitoring is conducted. More research is needed to determine optimal strategies for maintaining euglycemia, ideal monitoring parameters, and consistent efficacy goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,24]],"date-time":"2018-08-24T02:56:03Z","timestamp":1535079363000},"page":"1130-1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An Overview of Hyperinsulinemic\u2010Euglycemic Therapy in Calcium Channel Blocker and \u03b2\u2010blocker Overdose"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"James R.","family":"Krenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University College of Pharmacy West Lafayette Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1371-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaman","family":"Kaakeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University College of 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