{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:48:36Z","timestamp":1761058116125,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is a treatment option for the management of heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and other coagulation disorders. To date, no published studies have identified patients at risk for or the consequence of subtherapeutic bivalirudin therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary objective was to identify factors associated with failure to achieve early therapeutic anticoagulation (ETA) with bivalirudin, defined as achievement of two consecutive therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs) within 24\u00a0hours. Secondary objectives included evaluating whether failure to achieve ETA was a risk factor for clinical outcomes of interest including thromboembolism, hemorrhage, and mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients\/Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients between the ages of 18 and 89\u00a0years treated with bivalirudin for 24\u00a0hours or longer were identified and classified as either achieving or failing to achieve ETA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nonadherence to the dosing protocol (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07\u20102.71) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) of 60 ml\/min or greater (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.12\u20107.97) were significantly associated with failure to achieve ETA in univariate analyses. Conversely, increasing age (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97\u20100.99) was significantly associated with achievement of ETA. Failure to achieve ETA was associated with a 4\u2010fold increase in the odds of thromboembolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Younger age, normal renal function, and nonadherence to the dosing protocol when targeting therapeutic anticoagulation is associated with increased risk of failure to achieve ETA. This confers an elevated risk of thromboembolism when using bivalirudin for the management of HIT or other coagulation disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T05:23:07Z","timestamp":1570339387000},"page":"1157-1166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk Factors and Outcomes Associated with Prolonged Subtherapeutic Anticoagulation with Bivalirudin: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-1711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libby A.","family":"Orzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik E.","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Applications The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio"},{"name":"Highmark Health Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Blais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu\u2010Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology &amp; Oncology The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle A.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela K.","family":"Burcham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.18.1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00258-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505183322003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-0912"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.14.1838"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.15.1849"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066608321246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1G033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C187"},{"volume-title":"Argatroban (argatroban) package insert","year":"2016","author":"GlaxoSmithKline","key":"e_1_2_6_13_1"},{"volume-title":"Angiomax (bivalirudin) package insert","year":"2016","author":"The Medicines Company","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2271-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp120246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp110540"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.4.461"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.30.12.1229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014562949"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610303151801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440140107010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440430038005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01204.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03678.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12592"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.9.1115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.4.452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1Q177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PHAR.1016"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phar.2335","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/phar.2335","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phar.2335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:21:50Z","timestamp":1761056510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phar.2335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/phar.2335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.2335","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0277-0008"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1875-9114"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-10-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}