{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:12:39Z","timestamp":1789593159366,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a large variation in cannabidiol (CBD) pharmacokinetics and little information on its bioavailability. This study aims to establish the CBD dose\u2010exposure relationship and to evaluate the effects of dosage forms, food, and doses on CBD absorption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single\u2010dose (range: 5\u20136000\u00a0mg) CBD plasma concentration\u2010time profiles administered as oral solution (OS), oral capsule (OC), or oromucosal spray\/drop (OM) from healthy volunteers were extracted from 15 published clinical studies. A dose\u2010exposure proportionality assessment was performed, and a population\u2010based meta\u2010analysis of CBD pharmacokinetics and systemic bioavailability was conducted with a nonlinear mixed\u2010effects modeling. A three\u2010compartment model with a Weibull or zero\u2010order absorption model was used to describe CBD disposition and absorption kinetics. Dosage form, food, and dose were assessed for covariation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral solution CBD exposures increased less than proportionally with doses of 750\u00a0mg or greater, and bioavailability (6.5% at 3000\u00a0mg) decreased with increasing dose. The bioavailability of OC (5.6%) and fed\u2010state OM (6.2%) were similar, whereas it was lower in fasted\u2010state OM (0.9%). The Weibull absorption model best described OS, OC, and fed\u2010state OM profiles. The slowest absorption rate was observed in OS, resulting in a time of maximum concentration of 4.75\u00a0hours, followed by fed\u2010state OM (3.13\u00a0hrs) and OC (2.1\u00a0hrs). The absorption kinetics of fasted\u2010state OM was best described by a zero\u2010order absorption for the duration of 1.71\u00a0hours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of doses, dosage forms, and feeding status on CBD pharmacokinetics were quantified and should be taken into consideration for dose optimization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T08:41:40Z","timestamp":1581669700000},"page":"291-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Model\u2010Based Analysis of Cannabidiol Dose\u2010Exposure Relationship and Bioavailability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0070-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sin Yin","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Administrative Sciences University of Oklahoma Health\u2010 Sciences Center College of Pharmacy Oklahoma City Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Sharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center College of Pharmacy Oklahoma City Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukyung","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center College of Pharmacy Oklahoma City Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"BorchardtD.The cannabis market that could grow 700% by 2020.Forbes. 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