{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:55:14Z","timestamp":1787000114545,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) has evolved into an emergent global pandemic. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) can manifest on a spectrum of illness from mild disease to severe respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit admission. As the incidence continues to rise at a rapid pace, critical care teams are faced with challenging treatment decisions. There is currently no widely accepted standard of care in the pharmacologic management of patients with COVID\u201019. Urgent identification of potential treatment strategies is a priority. Therapies include novel agents available in clinical trials or through compassionate use, and other drugs, repurposed antiviral and immunomodulating therapies. Many have demonstrated in vitro or in vivo potential against other viruses that are similar to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Critically ill patients with COVID\u201019 have additional considerations related to adjustments for organ impairment and renal replacement therapies, complex lists of concurrent medications, limitations with drug administration and compatibility, and unique toxicities that should be evaluated when utilizing these therapies. The purpose of this review is to summarize practical considerations for pharmacotherapy in patients with COVID\u201019, with the intent of serving as a resource for health care providers at the forefront of clinical care during this pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T13:14:22Z","timestamp":1586265262000},"page":"416-437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Review of Emerging Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Barlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin M.","family":"Landolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5118-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Kentucky Healthcare Lexington Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siu Yan Amy","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7910-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason J.","family":"Heavner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center Glen Burnie Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassidy W.","family":"Claassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3007-7685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojdeh S.","family":"Heavner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2002125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2020.0112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.01012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00016-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0233-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau9242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP).CHMP assessment report. Available fromema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/referral\/assessment\u2010report\u2010article\u201053\u2010procedure\u2010medicinal\u2010products\u2010under\u2010development\u2010treatment\u2010ebola_en.pdf. Accessed March 16 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","article-title":"First 12 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) in the United States","author":"The COVID\u201019 Investigation Team","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Feb 5\u2010. Identifier NCT04252664 Mild\/Moderate 2019\u2010nCoV; 2020 Feb 24 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04252664."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Feb 6\u2010. Identifier NCT04257656 Severe 2019\u2010nCoV Remdesivir RCT; 2020 Feb 24 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04257656."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2018 Oct 25\u2010. Identifier NCT03719586 Investigational Therapeutics for the Treatment of People With Ebola Virus Disease. 2019 Oct 21 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03719586."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.02.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0364-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Feb 21\u2010. Identifier NCT04280705 Adaptive COVID\u201019 Treatment Trial. 2020 Mar 19 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04280705."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Deliberations on design options for randomized controlled clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of investigational therapeutics for the treatment of patients with Ebola virus disease Appendix 4. Summaries of evidence from selected experimental therapeutics. Available athttps:\/\/www.who.int\/ebola\/drc\u20102018\/summaries\u2010of\u2010evidence\u2010experimental\u2010therapeutics.pdf?ua=1. Accessed March 18 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(00)00139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Feb 7\u2010. Identifier NCT04261517 Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine for Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by 2019\u2010nCoV (HC\u2010nCoV); 2020 Mar 4 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04261517."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"43","author":"Zhonghua J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","volume-title":"Aralen (Chloroquine phosphate) package insert","author":"Sanofi\u2010Aventis USLLC","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","volume-title":"Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) package insert","author":"Concordia Pharmaceuticals Inc","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","volume-title":"Drugs in pregnancy and lactation","author":"Briggs G","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2014.909393"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363080-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.13.1695"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir\/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Chan KS","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov.Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2016 July 27. Identifier NCT02845843 MERS\u2010CoV Infection treated With A Combination of Lopinavir \/Ritonavir and Interferon Beta\u20101b (MIRACLE). 2010 Mar 7 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02845843."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov.Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Feb 5. Identifier NCT04252885 The Efficacy of Lopinavir Plus Ritonavir and Arbidol Against Novel Coronavirus Infection. 2020 Feb 5 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04252885."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","unstructured":"Chinese Clinical Trial Register.Chengdu (Sichuan): Ministry of Health (China).2020 Jan 23. Identifier ChiCTR2000029308 A randomized controlled open\u2010label trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lopinavir\u2010ritonavir in hospitalized patients with 2019\u2010nCoV infection; 2020 Mar 9. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showprojen.aspx?proj=48684."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","volume-title":"Kaletra (lopinavir and ritonavir) package insert","author":"AbVie Inc","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","unstructured":"Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. Available fromhttps:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/contentfiles\/lvguidelines\/PerinatalGL.pdf. Accessed March 16 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp120106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-001-0308-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","volume-title":"Rebetol (ribavirin) package insert","author":"Merck & Co., Inc","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp030072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.21.JOC30885"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01686"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030666"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Ribavirin in the treatment of SARS: a new trick for an old drug?","volume":"168","author":"Koren G","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01326.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","volume-title":"Alinia (nitazoxanide) package insert","author":"Romark Pharmaceuticals","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11401-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00441-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/a806676k"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.029470"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155.21","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.186.Supp.155.21","article-title":"The anti\u2010infective nitazoxanide shows strong immunomodulating effects (155.21)","volume":"186","author":"Clerici M","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70717-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp080332"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV\u20101\u2010infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV\u20101\u2010Infected Adults and Adolescents. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.aidsinfo.nih.gov\/ContentFiles\/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. Accessed March 16 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelfinavir was predicted to be a potential inhibitor of 2019\u2010nCov main protease by an integrative approach combining homology modelling molecular docking and binding free energy calculation [published online ahead of print January 28 2020]. bioRxiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.01.27.921627","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.27.921627"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","volume-title":"Viracept (nelfinavir mesylate) package insert","author":"Agouron Pharmaceuticals Inc","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0195941700075767"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","unstructured":"Nelfinavir LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug\u2010Induced Liver Injury. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK548311\/. Accessed March 14 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)36781-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","volume-title":"Intron A (interferon alfa\u20102b) package insert","author":"Merck & Co. Inc","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.11.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz544"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70920-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","unstructured":"Clinicaltrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Feb 19\u2010. Identifier NCT04276688 Lopinavir\/Ritonavir Ribavirin and IFN\u2010beta Combination for nCoV Treatment; 2020 Feb 28. [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04276688."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Mar 3\u2010. Identifer NCT04293887 Efficacy and Safety of IFN\u2010\u03b12\u03b2 in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Patients; 2020 Mar 3 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04293887."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00394-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70108-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","volume-title":"Olumiant (baricitinib) package insert","author":"Elli Lilly and Company","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30132-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","volume-title":"Actemra (tocilizumab) injection package insert","author":"Genentech Inc","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055533-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID\u201019 patients with Tocilizumab","author":"Xu X","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChinaXiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Mar 17\u2010. Identifier NCT04310228 Favipiravir Combined With Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019. 2020 Mar 17 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04310228."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Mar 13\u2010. Identifier NCT04306705 Tocilizumab vs CRRT in Management of Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) in COVID\u201019. 2020 Mar 17 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04306705."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Mar 19\u2010. Identifier NCT04315298 Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients with COVID\u201019. 2020 Mar 19 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04315298."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","unstructured":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (trial version 7).Beijing: National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China and National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China 2020. Available fromhttp:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/yzygj\/s7653p\/202003\/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml. Accessed March 20 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30076-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30141-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00956.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.icci.1001012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Mar 3\u2010. Identifier NCT04292340 Anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Inactivated Convalescent Plasma in the Treatment of COVID\u201019. 2020 Mar 3 [cited 2020 Mar 18];[about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04292340."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1408795"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30317-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1172OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_1","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet].Bethesda MD:National Library of Medicine (US). 2020 Feb 18\u2010. Identifier NCT04273321 Efficacy and Safety of Corticosteroids in COVID\u201019. 2020 Feb 24 [cited 2020 Mar 18]; [about 4 screens]. Available fromhttps:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04273321."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040206618764483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_1","unstructured":"ChenC QiF ShiK et al.Thalidomide Combined with Low\u2010dose Glucocorticoid in the Treatment of COVID\u201019. Available fromwww.preprints.org\/manuscript\/202002.0395\/v1. Accessed March 15 2020."}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fphar.2398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phar.2398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/phar.2398","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phar.2398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:04:50Z","timestamp":1761044690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phar.2398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/phar.2398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.2398","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}