{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:33:49Z","timestamp":1772613229962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sulfonylureas (SUs) and antimicrobial co\u2010administration on hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a case\u2010crossover study using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service\u2010National Inpatient Sample database, using data from 2014 to 2016. Hospitalized adult patients with T2DM who were diagnosed with hypoglycemia and prescribed SUs for at least 120 days were included. Different risk ratings of severity of drug\u2013drug interactions were considered, including \u201clevel X, D, or C\u201d in Lexi\u2010Interact online and \u201ccontraindicated, major, or moderate\u201d in Micromedex. Exposure to antimicrobials in the 30\u2010day period before the first hypoglycemia diagnosis was assessed. Two control periods (61\u201390 and 91\u2013120 days) were matched before the diagnosis date. Conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare the odds of antimicrobial exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 9339 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 71.3 \u00b1 10.6 years, and 4818 (51.6%) were women. An increased risk of hypoglycemia was associated with co\u2010administration of SUs and certain antimicrobials (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.34\u20132.80). The antimicrobial agents that were associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia, when co\u2010administered with SUs, were sulfonamides (aOR 2.99, 95% CI 1.99\u20134.52), fluoroquinolones (aOR 2.62, 95% CI 2.38\u20132.89), macrolides (aOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.88\u20133.27), and tetracyclines (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.05\u20132.33).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Co\u2010administration with SUs and certain antimicrobials increased the risk of hypoglycemia. Thus, clinically relevant interactions in patients concurrently using SUs and antimicrobials should be monitored, especially within 30 days after co\u2010administration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T16:50:26Z","timestamp":1595609426000},"page":"902-912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Co\u2010administration of Sulfonylureas and Antimicrobial Drugs on Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Using a Case\u2010Crossover Design"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Sera","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Sookmyung Women\u2019s University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miyoung","family":"Ock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Sookmyung Women\u2019s University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7002-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hun\u2010Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5533-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Sookmyung Women\u2019s University Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Drug Information Research Institute Sookmyung Women\u2019s University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"International Diabetes Federation","author":"IDF Diabetes Atlas Ninth Edition","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2131"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2131"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1084"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.05.008"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"278","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of hypoglycemia in South Korea","volume":"24","author":"Park SY","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/kdj.2008.32.3.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0137"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12887"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15767"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2696"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-1163"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02981.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020852"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.3293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration.FDA drug safety communication. 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