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However, it is not generally recommended for the treatment of other respiratory disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or hypoxia. Most clinical practice guidelines rely on evidence published prior to the year 2000 to make these recommendations. This scoping review aimed to gather and characterize evidence describing theophylline for the management of respiratory disorders in adults between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2020. Databases searched included Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Complete, Scopus, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. Studies were included if they were published in English, theophylline was used for any respiratory disorder, and the study outcomes were disease\u2010 or patient\u2010oriented. After removal of duplicates, 841 studies were screened and 55 studies were included. Results aligned with current clinical guideline recommendations relegating theophylline as an alternative therapy for the treatment of respiratory disorders, in favor of inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled bronchodilators. This scoping review identified the need for future research including: theophylline versus other medications deemed alternative therapies for asthma and COPD, meta\u2010analyses of low\u2010dose theophylline, and studies evaluating evidence\u2010based patient\u2010oriented outcomes for OSA, hypoxia, ventilator\u2010induced diaphragmatic dysfunction, and spinal cord injury\u2010related pulmonary function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]],"date-time":"2023-07-09T21:29:26Z","timestamp":1688938166000},"page":"963-990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Theophylline for the management of respiratory disorders in adults in the 21st century: A scoping review from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pulmonary Practice and Research Network"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0719-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Boylan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy  Oklahoma City Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5644-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South College School of Pharmacy  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7345-9731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany","family":"Bissell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science The University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8774-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Malesker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions  Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3514-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Santiba\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy  Fort Lauderdale Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-1108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Services Henry Ford Hospital  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0388PP"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics","author":"Theophylline","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Goodman's and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Barnes PJ","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Micromedex Solutions","author":"Theophylline","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma. 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