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Patients with CVD (and\/or disorders) as well as pain syndromes have an increased propensity for drug\u2013drug\/disease interactions. Therefore, an understanding of how to use pharmacotherapy to treat pain syndromes, in the context of patients who have diagnoses of CVD and\/or disorders, is paramount to patients' success in achieving adequate pain control and appropriately managing CVD and\/or disorders, all while decreasing the risk of adverse events (AEs) both from pharmacotherapy to treat pain and CVD (and\/or disorders). Based on the appraisal of literature and authors' clinical expertise, it was determined that gabapentinoids, opioids, skeletal muscle relaxants, tricyclic antidepressants, clonidine, serotonin norepinephrine\u2010reuptake inhibitors, dronabinol, carbamazepine, second\u2010generation antipsychotics, non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs, aspirin, corticosteroids, and topical anesthetics have the most evidence for use in patients with CVD and\/or disorders. However, the literature surrounding the use of pharmacotherapy for pain management is limited to retrospective studies and there is a lack of well\u2010designed, prospective, randomized trials; this also includes head\u2010to\u2010head comparator studies. Unlike many CVD\u2010related pharmacotherapy studies, data studying pain management in patients with CVD lacks standardized outcomes that are consistent among the pool of data. Overall, the decision to prescribe specific pain management therapies in patients with CVD and\/or disorders should include assessment of pain severity, type of pain, drug\u2013drug\/disease interactions, adjuvant therapies required, and the risk or presence of AEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1701723027000},"page":"184-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pain management considerations in patients living with both pain syndromes and cardiovascular diseases and disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Emily E.","family":"Leppien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University  Johnson City New York 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