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Strength is provided by the plant cell wall, the deposition of which must be coordinated with cell expansion and elongation to ensure that integrity is maintained during growth. Coordination of these processes is critical and yet poorly understood. The plant\u2010specific calpain, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEFECTIVE KERNEL<\/jats:styled-content>1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEK<\/jats:styled-content>1), plays a key role in growth coordination in leaves, yet its role in regulating stem growth has not been addressed. Using plants overexpressing the active <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CALPAIN<\/jats:styled-content> domain of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEK<\/jats:styled-content>1 (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CALPAIN OE<\/jats:styled-content>)<\/jats:italic> and a <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEK<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> knockdown line (<jats:italic>ami<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEK<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>), we undertook morphological, biochemical, biophysical, and microscopic analyses of mature inflorescence stems. We identify a novel role for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEK<\/jats:styled-content>1 in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and coordination of growth during inflorescence stem development. <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CALPAIN OE<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> plants are significantly reduced in stature and have short, thickened stems, while <jats:italic>ami<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEK<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> lines have weakened stems that are unable to stand upright. Microscopic analyses of the stems identify changes in cell size, shape and number, and differences in both primary and secondary cell wall thickness and composition. Taken together, our results suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEK<\/jats:styled-content>1 influences primary wall growth by indirectly regulating cellulose and pectin deposition. In addition, we observe changes in secondary cell walls that may compensate for altered primary cell wall composition. We propose that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DEK<\/jats:styled-content>1 activity is required for the coordination of stem strengthening with elongation during axial growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pld3.27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T09:16:30Z","timestamp":1514538990000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Arabidopsis <\/i><scp>DEFECTIVE KERNEL<\/scp>1 regulates cell wall composition and axial growth in the inflorescence stem"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Dhika","family":"Amanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research K\u00f6ln Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika S.","family":"Doblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 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Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwyneth C.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Reproduction et D\u00e9veloppement des Plantes Universit\u00e9 de Lyon CNRS INRA UCB Lyon 1 Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Garland science","author":"Albersheim 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