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However, knowledge about how vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 mediate salt stress responses at the molecular level remains limited. The physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    Col\u20100 seedlings treated with exogenous vitamin D2 (50\u2009ppm) and vitamin D3 (75\u2009ppm) under 100\u2009mM NaCl salt stress were investigated. Treatment significantly influenced all measured parameters. Both vitamin D forms consistently alleviated salt\u2010induced damage, with combination treatments maintaining higher photosynthetic pigment content, better growth performance, and stronger suppression of oxidative stress markers (reduced MDA, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and superoxide anion) compared with salt stress alone. Antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POX, APX, GR) were reduced under vitamin D treatment. Ion analysis revealed partial Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    exclusion and elevated Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    content under nonsaline vitamin D application, whereas RT\u2010qPCR analysis demonstrated coordinated upregulation of SOS1 and NHX1 under vitamin D3 combination treatment, alongside modulation of CNGC10, GORK, and SIP3 expression. It is concluded that exogenous vitamin D enhanced salt tolerance in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    through calcium\u2010mediated activation of Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    exclusion and vacuolar sequestration pathways, with vitamin D3 appearing more effective for growth recovery and ionic regulation at the concentrations tested. The mechanistic insights provided by correlation and clustering analyses suggest that vitamin D operates as a genuine upstream regulator of salt stress signaling rather than a compensatory antioxidant supplement, offering a promising foundation for vitamin D\u2010based biostimulant applications in saline agriculture. Relative to salt stress alone, the combination treatments lowered MDA by up to about 37% and hydrogen peroxide by roughly 83%, restored chlorophyll a to more than four times the salt\u2010stressed value, and increased seedling dry weight by approximately 150%.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pld3.70192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:53:44Z","timestamp":1791183224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exogenous Vitamin D Mitigates Salt Stress in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    via Ion Homeostasis and Calcium\u2010Mediated Signaling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2465-7579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busra","family":"\u00d6zdemirci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Erzurum Technical University  Erzurum Turkey"},{"name":"Erzurum Technical University High Technology Research Center  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6256-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Okkes","family":"At\u0131c\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science Faculty Atat\u00fcrk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4079-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Bezirganoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Erzurum Technical University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozkan","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Western Caspian University  Baku Azerbaijan"},{"name":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute  Erzincan Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Kyrgyz\u2010Turkish Manas University  Bishkek 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