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To realize this potential, advances in breeding and cultivation are crucial. To exploit heterosis, faba bean breeding frequently utilizes synthetic cultivars, produced by open pollination of inbred lines, resulting in a mixture of F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    hybrid seeds and self\u2010pollinated offspring. Pure F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    hybrid cultivars are currently unavailable due to unstable cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems. An ability to distinguish F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    seeds from their parental inbreds based on characteristics associated with the xenia effect could change this. The xenia effect refers to the influence of paternal pollen on seed traits, for example, seed weight and cotyledon cells in faba bean. In this study, we exploited the xenia effect captured in hyperspectral imaging data to develop machine learning scenarios for discriminating between parental and F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    seeds of open\u2010pollinated synthetic combinations (Syn\u20101). The hyperspectral data were preprocessed using Savitzky\u2013Golay filtering to reduce noise and smooth the spectra. Various machine learning algorithms were applied, incorporating Bayesian hyperparameter optimization. The scenarios achieved up to 98.9% accuracy in separating parental components of Syn\u20101. When including all seeds, the model achieved an F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    score of 40.7%, indicating moderate detection and classification performance. As the harmonic mean of precision and recall, the F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    score reflects both the correctness of F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    seed identifications and the completeness with which F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    seeds were identified. While this approach does not yet enable the development of full hybrid cultivars, it paves the way for hybrid\u2010enriched cultivars. These could help to streamline breeding for synthetic cultivars and potentially increase yields, for example, by increasing the proportion of F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    hybrid seeds in synthetic cultivars. This study extends knowledge of the xenia effect in faba bean and provides a basis for further research aimed at enhancing breeding methods and productivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pld3.70193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:00:28Z","timestamp":1791165628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progeny Differentiation in Faba Bean Using Hyperspectral Images and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8556-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rica\u2010Hanna","family":"Schlichtermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding Justus\u2010Liebig University Giessen  Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Warnem\u00fcnde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance  Quedlinburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5808-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Tietgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NPZ Innovation GmbH  Holtsee Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8726-5556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"Welna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norddeutsche Pflanzenzucht, Hans\u2010Georg Lembke KG  Holtsee Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3870-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Kuehn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance  Quedlinburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wittkop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding Justus\u2010Liebig University Giessen  Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5577-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rod J.","family":"Snowdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding Justus\u2010Liebig University Giessen  Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1236147"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12172"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002185960006319X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1998.0011183X003800060019x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154319"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.27.7.722","article-title":"Xenia Includes Metaxenia","volume":"27","author":"Denney J. 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