{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:05:03Z","timestamp":1753869903623,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pregnancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The uterus and the bladder have striking physiologic and anatomic similarities. Anticholinergic medications are commonly used to treat \u201coveractive bladder\u201d by targeting M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors. The uterus also contains M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors; however, current management of preterm labor does not target these receptors. We assessed whether muscarinic blockade with oxybutynin reduces both spontaneous and oxytocin\u2010induced uterine muscle contractions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longitudinal strips of uterine tissue from pregnant rats (17\u201319 days gestation) were mounted on an isometric test apparatus to directly measure uterine muscle contractions. The effect of cumulatively higher concentrations of oxybutynin (100\u00a0nM to 100 uM) on both spontaneous and on oxytocin\u2010induced (1\u00a0nM) uterine muscle contractility was tested.\u00a0 We measured both the area under the curve (AUC) and the frequency of the uterine muscle contractions compared to water vehicle control. Measurements are presented as a percentage of baseline. Two\u2010Way ANOVA with Dunnett's post hoc test was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uterine muscle strips harvested from pregnant rats consistently showed spontaneous muscle contractions. Oxybutynin resulted in a statistically significant decrease in both spontaneous uterine muscle strength (AUC) and contraction frequency compared to vehicle controls at concentrations \u226510\u00a0\u00b5M.\u00a0 Oxytocin\u2010induced uterine muscle contractions were also affected by oxybutynin. At concentrations \u226510\u00a0\u00b5M, uterine muscle strength (AUC) was reduced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), but no difference was observed in contraction frequency compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oxybutynin significantly reduces spontaneous uterine muscle contraction strength (AUC) and contraction frequency in our animal ex vivo model. It reduces oxytocin\u2010induced uterine muscle contraction strength (AUC) but not contraction frequency. Antimuscarinic agents warrant future clinical investigation and may represent a novel treatment of preterm labor and \u201coveractive uterus.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmf2.12042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T18:40:05Z","timestamp":1738003205000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Muscarinic receptor blockade with oxybutynin reduces spontaneous and induced uterine muscle contractions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony G.","family":"Visco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NinoMed, LLC  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Division of Urogynecology, Vice Chair for Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary R.","family":"Visco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chad A.","family":"Grotegut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wake Forest University  Wake Forest North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Linde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Scientist and Study Director, Reprocell  Beltsville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Westfall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worldwide Drug Discovery Services Head, Reprocell  Beltsville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friederike L.","family":"Jayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Pathology Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501103120204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31825af2f0"},{"volume-title":"Langman's Medical Embryology","year":"2012","author":"Sadler T. 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