{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T10:11:54Z","timestamp":1780654314510,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pregnancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low maternal socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). However, the heterogeneity of SES measures used across studies precludes a clear understanding of what exposures underlie these associations. That knowledge is essential for designing effective strategies to reduce socioeconomic disparities in perinatal health. Our objective was to examine which SES dimensions are most predictive of APOs and represent the greatest opportunity for interventions to improve perinatal health equity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stress, Pregnancy, and Health study participants completed psychosocial and demographic assessments during second and third trimesters. Three objective indicators of current SES were calculated based on existing approaches in the literature: a \u201csocial position\u201d composite reflecting the household's occupational prestige and educational attainment; a \u201cfinancial resources\u201d composite that included the household's income\u2010to\u2010poverty ratio (IPR), wealth, and self\u2010reported savings relative to expenses; and a composite reflecting the number of \u201cdisadvantages\u201d the household experienced. We additionally measured three subjective markers of SES using country\u2010 and community\u2010specific MacArthur ladders and self\u2010reported financial strain; two measures of childhood SES, including parental education and subjective financial strain during childhood; and four measures of neighborhood SES including IPR, employment, education, and government assistance. APOs of interest included preterm birth (PTB) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Log binomial models were used to estimate associations between SES measures and APOs, adjusted for race\/ethnicity, marital status, and age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 592 participants, 11.5% delivered preterm. Participants with lower social position had a higher risk of PTB (RR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.85); other objective and subjective indicators of SES were not associated with PTB risk. Multiple indicators of SES related to HDP, including current social position (RR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.74), financial resources (RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.003, 1.63), disadvantage (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.28), subjective financial strain (RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.36), childhood SES (RR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.43), and neighborhood SES (RR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.67).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social position was associated with risk for PTB and HDP. HDP was additionally associated with subjective and objective childhood SES as well as neighborhood measures of SES, suggesting that HDP may be more sensitive to SES.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmf2.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T07:55:26Z","timestamp":1759218926000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations of multiple dimensions of socioeconomic status with adverse pregnancy outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7908-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren S.","family":"Keenan\u2010Devlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Endeavor Health  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9745-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee M.","family":"Odom\u2010Konja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Endeavor Health  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1020-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Karyn Purvis Institute of Child Development Texas Christian University  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuhan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Endeavor Health  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Endeavor Health  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Policy Research &amp; Department of Psychology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann E. 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