{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T03:04:03Z","timestamp":1764817443680,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pregnancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diabetes in pregnancy affects approximately 15.5% of pregnant women worldwide, the majority of these women are in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. Current guidelines recommend additional fetal monitoring for pregnant women with diabetes, particularly during the third trimester, though there is limited evidence supporting these recommendations. Our objective was to identify the optimal methods and regimens for antepartum fetal monitoring for pregnant women with diabetes to inform recommendations for future clinical practice. CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, and LILACs databases were searched through 23 July 2024. There were no restrictions on language or publication type. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) involving pregnant women with diabetes (whether gestational, type 1, or type 2). Eligible studies were those investigating fetal monitoring in these women, such as fetal growth monitoring, fetal well\u2010being monitoring, or Doppler ultrasonography. Our comparisons of interest were (1) monitoring versus no monitoring\/usual care, (2) monitoring versus a different type of monitoring, and (3) different regimens of the same type of monitoring. Meta\u2010analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity of the included studies; narrative synthesis was conducted and the Synthesis Without Meta\u2010analysis (SWiM) guidelines were followed. The GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) was used to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome.\u00a0Five studies with 4440 pregnant women with diabetes were included; two were RCTs (239 women) and three were NRSIs (4201 women). A single ultrasound growth scan over no ultrasound growth scan probably increases the risk of caesarean section (risk ratio [RR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.46\u20132.01, 1 study,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a02357,\n                    <jats:italic>moderate certainty<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). There is a paucity of data regarding optimal antepartum fetal monitoring for pregnant women with diabetes. Robust, high\u2010quality studies are urgently needed to inform clinical guidelines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmf2.70123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:12:31Z","timestamp":1759155151000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antepartum fetal monitoring in pregnant women with diabetes: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5397-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aoife M.","family":"Hurley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's, Children's and Adolescents\u2019 Health Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6129-918X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saima","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's, Children's and Adolescents\u2019 Health Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's, Children's and Adolescents\u2019 Health Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4164-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen","family":"Makama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's, Children's and Adolescents\u2019 Health Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004410"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","article-title":"Antenatal Care Monitoring Fetal Growth: Evidence Reviews Underpinning Recommendations 1.2.31 to 1.2.34","volume":"201","author":"National Guideline Alliance (UK)","year":"2021","journal-title":"NICE Guideline"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44294-024-00015-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.2015.NICE Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Management From Preconception to the Postnatal Period."},{"volume-title":"Clinical Pracitce Guidelines: Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy","year":"2017","author":"Ministry of Health Malaysia","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.03.008"},{"volume-title":"Screening Diagnosis Management of Gestational Diabetes in New Zealand: A Clinical Practive Guideline","year":"2014","author":"Ministry of Health","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.004"},{"volume-title":"Meeting of the Diabetes in Pregnancy Subgroup Guideline Development Group","year":"2024","author":"World Health Organization","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5","year":"2024","author":"Reeves B. 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