{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:54:10Z","timestamp":1791986050534,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pregnancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women with diabetes are at increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, yet the optimal approach to achieving recommended glucose levels and glucose\u2010lowering pharmacological strategies during pregnancy remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review with meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) synthesizing the evidence on glycemic targets and pharmacological interventions for pregnant women with pre\u2010existing diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We extracted data for outcomes prioritized for the development of all WHO guidelines on maternal and perinatal health, as well as intervention\u2010specific outcomes. The selected critical outcomes were maternal death, maternal functioning and women's views and experiences, stillbirth\/fetal death, neonatal death, and perinatal death. We followed standard Cochrane methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evidence on glycemic targets was very limited. Among women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), meeting stricter glycemic targets may increase the risk of hypoglycemia and longer hospitalization, whereas less stringent targets may increase the risk of caesarean birth, large\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age babies, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. In women with GDM, no clear differences were observed between a tight and moderate target. Evidence on the optimal approach to glucose\u2010lowering pharmacotherapy for the management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes during pregnancy was also limited. In women with GDM, metformin was associated with better maternal and neonatal outcomes than glibenclamide. Compared to insulin, metformin probably reduces the risk of neonatal intensive care admission and neonatal hypoglycemia. We rated most outcomes as low or very low certainty, which means that the true effects of the interventions may differ substantially from current estimates, and new evidence is likely to change our confidence in the estimates of effects. The main reasons for downgrading the certainty of the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review did not yield sufficient evidence to determine which glycemic targets are the most effective in improving health outcomes in women with pre\u2010existing diabetes or GDM. Current evidence on glucose\u2010lowering pharmacotherapy in pregnancy is limited and generally of low certainty. In women with GDM, metformin and insulin appeared to offer benefits compared to glibenclamide, and metformin may be a safe first\u2010line alternative to insulin, although the evidence is limited for most outcomes. High\u2010quality RCTs are needed to clarify the effects of these interventions, including into the longer term for the child.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42025630036<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmf2.70224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:50:02Z","timestamp":1773013802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimizing diabetes care in pregnancy: A systematic review of glycemic targets, treatment initiation, and glucose\u2010lowering pharmacological management for T1DM, T2DM, and GDM"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Gemma","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Cogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Petkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Probyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Christou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferruccio","family":"Pelone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Kazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanina","family":"Sguassero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Sebastianski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Henschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Response The Cochrane Collaboration  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"WHO.Diabetes.2024.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/diabetes."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"S27","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","author":"ADA","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"NICE NIfHaCE.Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management from Preconception to the Postnatal Period (NICE Guideline NG3).2020.https:\/\/wwwniceorguk\/guidance\/ng3."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07087.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Practice Bulletin No. 247: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"141","author":"ACOG ACoOaG","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated February 2023)","author":"Higgins J. P. T.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1599"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199406000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1987.tb00921.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2019.100050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6481658"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(02)00141-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1887"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00307-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1987.tb03358.x"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"657","article-title":"Comparison of Intensified Traditional Insulin Therapy and Micropump Therapy in Pregnant Women With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"77","author":"Botta R. M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Minerva Medica"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion versus Intensive Conventional Insulin Therapy in Type I and Type II Diabetic Pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Carta Q.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabete & Metabolisme"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Is Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion More Effective than Intensive Conventional Insulin Therapy in the Treatment of Pregnant Diabetic Women?","volume":"6","author":"Nosari I.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism\u2010Clinical and Experimental"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000293680"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610410001685493"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05589-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00089-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303911"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2024.0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2534"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602494"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"A Pilot Randomized, Controlled Trial of Metformin versus Insulin in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus during Pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Refuerzo J. S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30310-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000967"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-22-0110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13718"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-9958-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"960","article-title":"Prophylactic Insulin in the Management of Gestational Diabetes","volume":"75","author":"Thompson D. J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1023663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.111S0044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2005.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181c52132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2011-0175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.ceog.2020.04.5026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.184502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X221100167"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010193431601"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Comparison of Glyburide and Insulin in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Perinatal Outcome: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"53","author":"Mirzamoradi M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Medica Iranica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10006-1167"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.4072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.335.13286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12950"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_168_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-022-01048-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epag.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27238"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","first-page":"914","article-title":"Metformin versus Insulin Treatment in Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy and Their Effects on Neonatal Birthweight","volume":"11","author":"Hamadani A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neonatal Outcomes in Case of Euglycemic Control in Gestational Diabetes Using Insulin vs. Metformin: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Hashaad A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ginekologia i Poloznictwo"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02763.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2020-0018"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Comparison of Metformin with Insulin in the Management of Gestational Diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Khan R. M. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Forum Monthly"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Efficacy of Metformin and Insulin in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Study","volume":"12","author":"Marnal B. A. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Comparison of Newborn Outcomes in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Metformin or Insulin: A Randomised Blinded Trial","volume":"4","author":"Mesdaghinia E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.09.031"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","article-title":"Time\u2010in\u2010Range with Insulin versus Metformin in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Randomized Control Study at a Tertiary Care Centre in South India","volume":"16","author":"Pandey A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707193"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"The Use of Metformin versus Insulin in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy. A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"116","author":"Roy S. B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Indian Medical Association"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","first-page":"970","article-title":"Neonatal Outcomes in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Metformin in Compare with Insulin: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"19","author":"Ruholamin S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Comparison of the Fetal Outcome between Metformin and Insulin in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"32","author":"Sadaf J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medical Forum Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3480629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs22165242"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","first-page":"246","article-title":"Comparison of Mean Birth Weight of Neonates Born to Females Having Gestational Diabetes on Metformin versus Insulin","volume":"32","author":"Siddique N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12017"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","first-page":"823","article-title":"Comparison of Metformin and Insulin for Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"13","author":"Wasim T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Short\u2010Term Antidiabetic Treatment with Insulin or Metformin Has a Similar Impact on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Requiring Antidiabetic Agents: Results of a Prospective, Randomised Study","volume":"67","author":"Zawiejska A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Effects of Metformin and Insulin on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Dual Drugs Therapy Approach","volume":"35","author":"Jiao Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Analysis on the Effect of Metformin Hydrochloride Combined with Insulin Pump for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"51","author":"Li X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2011.650661"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-190385"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(03)00157-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02247.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2002.810312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2016-0022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7219.1223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1505-3"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","article-title":"Different Intensities of Glycaemic Control for Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Hofer O. J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008540.pub4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","first-page":"S55","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes and Glycaemic Control: A Randomized Clinical Trial","author":"Snyder J. M. I.","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","article-title":"Oral Anti\u2010Diabetic Agents for Women with Established Diabetes\/Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Previous Gestational Diabetes Planning Pregnancy, or Pregnant Women with Pre\u2010Existing Diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Tieu J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","article-title":"Different Insulin Types and Regimens for Pregnant Women with Pre\u2010Existing Diabetes","volume":"2","author":"O'Neill S. M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","article-title":"Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion versus Multiple Daily Injections of Insulin for Pregnant Women with Diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Farrar D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Metabolic and Obstetrical Results in Type 1 (insulin dependent) Diabetic Pregnancy: Pump versus Optimized Conventional Insulin Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Trossarelli G. F.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968231186626"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","article-title":"Oral Anti\u2010Diabetic Pharmacological Therapies for the Treatment of Women with Gestational Diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Brown J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","article-title":"Insulin for the Treatment of Women with Gestational Diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Brown J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01142-7"}],"container-title":["Pregnancy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pmf2.70224","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pmf2.70224","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pmf2.70224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:43:35Z","timestamp":1791985415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pmf2.70224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pmf2.70224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmf2.70224","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2997-9684","2997-9684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2997-9684","type":"print"},{"value":"2997-9684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70224"}}