{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T12:23:48Z","timestamp":1794227028858,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pregnancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While some studies have shown that exercise reduces the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), there is limited evidence on whether aerobic or resistance exercise is more beneficial. This study aimed to examine the rate of GDM according to the type of exercise during early pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers\u2010to\u2010Be (nuMoM2b), a prospective cohort of individuals enrolled during the first and second trimesters. We excluded participants with pregestational diabetes or delivery\u00a0&lt;20\u00a0weeks. The primary exposure was either aerobic or resistance exercises in the first or second trimester. For each trimester, the metabolic equivalent of task hours per week (MET\u2010h\/week) was calculated for each exercise. Participants were grouped as follows: \u201cAerobic exercise\u201d (\u22657.5 MET\u2010h\/week from aerobic exercises), \u201cResistance exercise\u201d (\u22652 times\/week from resistance exercises), \u201cBoth types of exercise\u201d (\u22657.5 MET\u2010h\/week from aerobic exercise and \u22652 times\/week from resistance exercises), and \u201cInsufficient exercise\u201d (\u22647.5 MET\u2010h\/week from aerobic exercise and \u22642 times\/week from resistance exercises). Our primary outcome was GDM. Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both the first and second trimesters, analyses included 9049 individuals. In the first trimester, individuals who performed aerobic exercise (aRR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60\u20130.93) had a lower risk of GDM compared with those with insufficient exercise. In the second trimester, those who performed aerobic exercise (aRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63\u20130.97) and both types of exercise (aRR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25\u20130.93) had a lower risk of GDM. Resistance exercise alone, compared to insufficient exercise and compared to aerobic exercise alone, was not clearly associated with significant differences in GDM. Across trimesters, we did not observe increased risks of small for gestational age birth, preterm birth, and preeclampsia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aerobic exercise during the first and second trimesters and combined aerobic\/resistance exercise during the second trimester were associated with a lower risk of GDM compared to insufficient exercise. Future intervention studies focusing on exercise to reduce the risk of GDM are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmf2.70246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T08:01:30Z","timestamp":1770796890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of gestational diabetes by aerobic and resistance exercise during the first and second trimesters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Takaki","family":"Tanamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Teine Keijinkai Hospital  Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Saade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences Eastern Virginia Medical School at Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leryn J.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellness Institute and Research Center, Ellmer College of Health Sciences Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2438-1699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Kawakita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences Eastern Virginia Medical School at Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia USA"},{"name":"Center for Maternal and Child Health Equity and Advocacy Eastern Virginia Medical School  Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010198907060\u201000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v9.i2.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710846"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010016\u20100543\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health Disability and Ageing.Evidence\u2010Based Physical Activity Guidelines for Pregnant Women. February 9 2023. Accessed November 27 2025.https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/evidence\u2010based\u2010physical\u2010activity\u2010guidelines\u2010for\u2010pregnant\u2010women?language=en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010017\u20100442\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010025\u201024807\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem\u20102016\u2010000143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103016.2012.01311.x"}],"container-title":["Pregnancy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pmf2.70246","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pmf2.70246","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pmf2.70246","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T11:47:38Z","timestamp":1794224858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pmf2.70246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pmf2.70246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmf2.70246","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2997-9684","2997-9684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2997-9684","type":"print"},{"value":"2997-9684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70246"}}