{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:02:44Z","timestamp":1790766164406,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pregnancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal obesity is highly prevalent worldwide, conferring elevated risks of maternal\/fetal complications and adult\u2010onset disease in offspring. Obesity and pregnancy are both states of insulin resistance. Percutaneous electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle, better known as electroacupuncture (EA), mitigates insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome and diabetes, but its efficacy in pregnancy is unknown. We aimed to determine if EA can attenuate insulin resistance in pregnant Wistar rats with high\u2010fat, high\u2010sucrose (HFS) diet\u2010induced obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen HFS\u2010exposed dams receiving 12\u201314 sessions of EA of rectus abdominis, tibialis anterior, soleus and gastrocnemius (3\/15\u00a0Hz frequency, 10\u00a0mA intensity, 30\u00a0min) under isoflurane anesthesia (HFS+EA group) were compared with 19 untreated HFS\u2010exposed dams receiving control anesthesia (HFS group) and 10 nonobese, nonpregnant controls (Ctrl group). On embryonic day (E)19\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01, insulin sensitivity was measured as the steady\u2010state glucose infusion rate (GIR) during a gold\u2010standard hyperinsulinemic\u2010euglycemic clamp. Body composition, fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, serum corticosterone, blood pressure, pancreatic \u00df\u2010cell mass and hepatic malonaldehyde\/triglyceride content were determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to the Ctrl group, the HFS group exhibited a decreased GIR (mean\u00a0\u00b1 SEM\u00a0= 13.3\u00a0\u00b1 1.33 vs. 18.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.37\u00a0mg\/kg\/min,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.014)\u2014reflecting insulin resistance\u2014as well as increased pancreatic weight (1.31\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.077\u00a0vs. 1.06\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.111\u00a0g,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04) and increased hepatic malonaldehyde content (0.24\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.041\u00a0vs. 0.12\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.003\u00a0\u00b5M,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.016). These changes were reversed by EA; compared to the HFS group, the HFS+EA group had a higher GIR (16.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.01\u00a0mg\/kg\/min,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.029), lower pancreatic weight (1.03\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.051\u00a0g,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.006) and lower hepatic malonaldehyde content (0.14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.016\u00a0\u00b5M,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.019). Visceral adiposity, insulin, corticosterone and hepatic triglyceride content were increased in the model (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) but not significantly impacted by EA. There were no measurable effects of pregnancy or EA on blood pressure or \u00df\u2010cell mass, although there were significantly fewer small islets of Langerhans and significantly more large islets in HFS versus Ctrl groups. Raw fetal\/placental weights did not differ; however, placental efficiency (fetal weight per unit placenta) was increased (4.09\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.007\u00a0vs. 3.79\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.006,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.027) and litter size marginally decreased (median [interquartile range]\u00a0=\u00a016 [14\u201318] vs. 14 [11\u201316],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.012) in HFS+EA versus HFS groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EA attenuated insulin resistance in this rat model of maternal obesity. The effects of EA on fetoplacental growth and litter size require further investigation, especially given the latter observation could signal a potential safety issue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmf2.70312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T06:09:07Z","timestamp":1780294147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low\u2010frequency electroacupuncture attenuates insulin resistance in a rat model of diet\u2010induced maternal obesity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5421-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4861-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7662-0699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Sekhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keara","family":"McElroy\u2010Yaggy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"},{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1777-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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