{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:49:42Z","timestamp":1791532182869,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pregnancy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ultrasound examinations have the potential to transmit infections between individuals. The risk can be reduced by following certain well\u2010described procedures to clean and disinfect ultrasound transducers between examinations. However, surveys have shown widespread lapses in the cleaning and disinfection of transducers and other equipment. In 2020, the Society for Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine (SMFM) published a Patient Safety Guideline focused on reducing the risk of transmitting infection in transvaginal examinations, with emphasis on selection of high\u2010level disinfectants with proven efficacy against human papillomavirus (HPV), choice of transducer covers with documented low leakage rates, and cautions regarding multiuse containers of coupling gel. In this article, SMFM presents updated guidelines with an expanded scope that includes transabdominal examinations and ultrasound\u2010guided percutaneous and intraoperative procedures. Other updates include a list of newer high\u2010level disinfection systems and citation of recent literature on virucidal efficacy of ortho\u2010phthalaldehyde against HPV. The guidelines are based on the Spaulding classification of infection risk and are aligned with recommendations from the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Food and Drug Administration. This Special Statement replaces\n                    <jats:italic>Society for Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Reducing the risk of transmitting infection by transvaginal ultrasound examination, 2020<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmf2.70391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:21:03Z","timestamp":1787552463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Society for Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Reducing the risk of transmitting infection during ultrasound examination\u2014Updated 2026"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"name":"Society for Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine (SMFM)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel T.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Andrew Combs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"SMFM Patient Safety and Quality Committee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.2025Guidelines for Cleaning and Preparing External\u2010 and Internal\u2010Use Ultrasound Transducers and Equipment Between Patients as Well as Safe Handling and Use of Ultrasound Coupling Gel 2025 Revision. Accessed July 5 2026.https:\/\/www.aium.org\/resources\/official\u2010statements\/view\/guidelines\u2010for\u2010cleaning\u2010and\u2010preparing\u2010external\u2013and\u2010internal\u2010use\u2010ultrasound\u2010transducers\u2010and\u2010equipment\u2010between\u2010patients\u2010as\u2010well\u2010as\u2010safe\u2010handling\u2010and\u2010use\u2010of\u2010ultrasound\u2010coupling\u2010gel."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Rutala W. A. D. J.Weber andHealthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee.2008Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities. Updated June 2024. Accessed July 5 2026.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infection\u2010control\/hcp\/disinfection\u2010and\u2010sterilization\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1742271X16688720"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.05.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13101165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcecho.jcecho_32_25"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Joint Commission.Improperly Sterilized or HLD Equipment\u2014A Growing Problem. Updated September 1 2018. Accessed July 4 2026.https:\/\/digitalassets.jointcommission.org\/api\/public\/content\/213fdd160c78462195b9b76a031ae3f4?v=0fd8ce77."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.11.796"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027\u20105107(94)90249\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162976"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration.FDA\u2010Cleared Sterilants and High Level Disinfectants With General Claims for Processing Reusable Medical and Dental Devices.2023. Accessed July 5 2026.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical\u2010devices\/reprocessing\u2010reusable\u2010medical\u2010devices\u2010information\u2010manufacturers\/fda\u2010cleared\u2010sterilants\u2010and\u2010high\u2010level\u2010disinfectants\u2010general\u2010claims\u2010processing\u2010reusable\u2010medical\u2010and."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103177"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02212583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029\u20107844(95)00336\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2019.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Male Latex Condom: Specification, Prequalification and Guidelines for Procurement, 2010; Revised 2013","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","volume-title":"21 CFR \u00a7 800.20 \u2010 Patient examination gloves and surgeons' gloves; sample plans and test method for leakage defects; adulteration","author":"Office of the Federal Register","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015\u20100282(97)00571\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.15\u20100275\u2010RA"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7148a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_19_249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182a0e12f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Alert: Use Only Sterile Ultrasound Gel for Percutaneous Procedures. Updated May 13 2025. Accessed July 5 2026.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthcare\u2010associated\u2010infections\/bulletins\/outbreak\u2010ultrasound\u2010gel.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","unstructured":"Joint Commission.Ensuring Critical Instruments and Devices Are Appropriate for Reuse. Updated February 2022. Accessed July 4 2026.https:\/\/digitalassets.jointcommission.org\/api\/public\/content\/63f56c5bf7f241b59f62daae00941497?v=dc6fdb49."}],"container-title":["Pregnancy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pmf2.70391","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/pmf2.70391","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pmf2.70391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:06:27Z","timestamp":1791529587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pmf2.70391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pmf2.70391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmf2.70391","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2997-9684","2997-9684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2997-9684","type":"print"},{"value":"2997-9684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70391"}}