{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:52:17Z","timestamp":1769604737693,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["07\/01\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07\/01\/26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Personality &amp; Mental Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is known that personality has an influence on the outcome of mental state disorders, but detailed studies on its long\u2010term impact are few. We examined the influence of personality status on the 8\u2010year outcome of health anxiety and its relationship to the effects of cognitive behaviour therapy in a randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to examine both the usefulness of the diagnosis of personality disorder and an additional measure of pathological dependence, in predicting the outcome of medical patients with health anxiety treated with cognitive behaviour therapy. Because the influence of personality is often shown in the long term, these assessments covered the period of 8\u00a0years after randomization. An additional aim is to examine the costs of different levels of personality dysfunction in each treatment group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Personality dysfunction, using both ICD\u201010 and ICD\u201011 classifications of severity, was assessed at baseline by interview in a randomized controlled trial. Patients were also assessed for pathological dependence using the Dependent Personality Questionnaire, also scored along a severity dimension. Four hundred forty\u2010four patients from medical clinics with pathological health anxiety were treated with a modified form of cognitive behaviour therapy for health anxiety (CBT\u2010HA) or standard care. Total costs over follow\u2010up were calculated from hospital data and compared by personality group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline, 381 (86%) had some personality dysfunction, mainly at the lower level of personality difficulty (not formally a disorder). One hundred eighty four (41%) had a personality disorder. A similar proportion was found with regard to dependent personality. Using the ICD\u201010 classification, 153 patients (34.6%) had a personality disorder, with 83 (54.2%) having anxious or dependent personality disorder, 20 (13.1%) having an anankastic disorder, but also with 66 (43.1%) having mixed disorder. During initial treatment, those with personality disorder adhered more closely to CBT\u2010HA, and after 8\u00a0years, they had a significantly better outcome than those with personality difficulty and no personality disorder (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.002). Similar results were found in those scoring high on the Dependent Personality Questionnaire. All these differences increased over the follow\u2010up period. Costs were similar in all groups but were somewhat higher in the CBT\u2010HA one; this finding is hypothesised to be due to fuller hospital treatment once health anxiety is discounted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Personality disorder in people with health anxiety, particularly in those who have anxious and dependent traits, reinforces the benefits of cognitive behaviour therapy, particularly in the longer term. \u00a9 2020 The Authors Personality and Mental Health Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T11:47:52Z","timestamp":1601293672000},"page":"72-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of apparently negative personality characteristics on the long\u2010term outcome of health anxiety: Secondary analysis of a 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