{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:06:20Z","timestamp":1773014780036,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Personality &amp;amp; Mental Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The study aims to estimate the societal costs of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD). Cross\u2010sectional data on AvPD patients during 2017\u20132020 were retrieved from the quality register of the Norwegian Network for Personality Disorders. Cost estimations were based on a bottom\u2010up approach, using a structured interview covering the 6\u2010month period prior to initial assessment. Unit costs were retrieved from public records. The human capital approach was used to calculate productivity losses. Diagnoses were determined according to DSM\u20105 by semi\u2010structured diagnostic interviews (SCID\u20105\u2010PD). Mean societal costs were \u20ac19,378 for the total group (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009410). The subgroup with a single diagnosis (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009270) incurred \u20ac18,818, whereas the subgroup with at least one comorbid PD (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009140) incurred \u20ac20,458. The difference between the two subgroups was not statistically significant. The largest cost component was productivity loss (69%), whereas health service costs constituted 31%. The main contributors to societal costs from the health service cost components were inpatient treatment (18%) and individual outpatient treatment (11%). In conclusion, societal costs for AvPD patients were high, on the same level as borderline PD, schizotypal PD, and schizophrenia, and higher than anxiety disorders, depression, and rheumatoid arthritis. In the future, development of effective AvPD treatment programs enhancing personality functioning and workforce participation is important in order reduce the cost of illness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T22:14:59Z","timestamp":1732227299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The societal costs of avoidant personality disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Carl\u2010Aksel","family":"Sveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vestre Viken Hospital Trust  Drammen Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Section for Personality Psychiatry and Specialized Treatments, Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Wilberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Personality Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elfrida Hartveit","family":"Kvarstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Section for Personality Psychiatry and Specialized Treatments, Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"APA","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20220057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07740-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM\u20105\u00ae personality disorders (SCID\u20105\u2010PD)","author":"First M. 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