{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:17:07Z","timestamp":1780708627321,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Personality &amp;amp; Mental Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interest in the Level of Personality Functioning (LPF), defined by Criterion A of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), is growing. LPF includes self\u2010functioning (identity, self\u2010direction) and interpersonal functioning (empathy, intimacy). While LPF is crucial for understanding personality dysfunction, its ability to distinguish personality disorders from other conditions remains debated. The DSM\u20105 Levels of Functioning Questionnaire\u2013Short Form (DLOPFQ\u2010SF) is a promising LPF measure, but further research in diverse populations is needed. This study examined the internal structure and psychopathological correlates of the DLOPFQ\u2010SF in an Italian nonclinical sample. Specifically, it assessed the tool's factor structure and relations with the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) and positive adjustment. A sample of 1183 Italian participants (46.2% female, mean age\u2009=\u200931.3\u2009\u00b1\u200914.8) completed the DLOPFQ\u2010SF and other self\u2010report measures. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a three\u2010factor structure comprising Identity, Empathy, and Intimacy. Structural equation modeling (SEM) explored links between the three DLOPFQ\u2010SF dimensions, HiTOP dimensions (internalizing, externalizing\u2010antisocial, antagonism, detachment, psychoticism), and positive adjustment. In general, SEM analyses showed that higher LPF scores were associated with increased psychopathology and reduced well\u2010being. The three subscales demonstrated specific links to distinct psychopathological outcomes, thereby supporting the construct validity of the DLOPFQ\u2010SF. Despite the removal of the Self\u2010Direction scale, the instrument proved useful in capturing key aspects of LPF across self and interpersonal domains, reinforcing its relevance within a dimensional model of psychopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.70056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T09:29:41Z","timestamp":1766741381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["DSM\u20105 Functional Framework: Structure and Psychopathological Correlates of the DSM\u20105 Levels of Functioning Questionnaire\u2013Short Form"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2189-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Sica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1404-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Caudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5565-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Colpizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8411-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioia","family":"Bottesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology University of Padua  Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Personality Assessment in the DSM\u20105","author":"Bender D. 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