{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:45:46Z","timestamp":1791042346432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]],"date-time":"2005-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proteomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contamination of shellfish with paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PST) produced by toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been negatively affecting the shellfish and aquaculture industries worldwide. Therefore, accurate and early identification of toxic phytoplankton species is crucial in HABs surveillance programs that allow fish\u2010farmers to take appropriate preventive measures in shellfish harvesting and other aquaculture activities to overcome the negative impacts of HABs on human health. The identification of toxic dinoflagellates present in the water is currently a time\u2010consuming operation since it requires skillful taxonomists and toxicologists equipped with optical and scanning electron microscopes as well as sophisticated equipment, for example, high\u2010performance liquid chromotography\u2010fluorescence detection. In this paper, a two\u2010dimensional gel electrophoresis (2\u2010DE)\u2010based proteomic approach was applied to discriminate between toxic and nontoxic strains of <jats:italic>Alexandrium minutum<\/jats:italic>. Variation in morphological features between toxic and nontoxic strains was minimal and not significant. Also, variation in 2\u2010DE protein patterns within either toxic or nontoxic strains was low, but pronounced differences were detected between toxic and nontoxic strains. The most notable differences between these strains were several abundant proteins with p<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>s ranging from 4.8 to 5.3 and apparent molecular masses between 17.5 and 21.5\u2005kDa. Groups of proteins, namely NT1, NT2, NT3, and NT4, were consistently found in all nontoxic strains, while T1 and T2 were prominent in the toxic strains. These specific protein spots characteristic for toxic and nontoxic strains remained clearly distinguishable irrespective of the various growth conditions tested. Therefore, they have the potential to serve as \u201ctaxonomic markers\u201d to distinguish toxic and nontoxic strains within <jats:italic>A.\u2005minutum<\/jats:italic>. Initial studies revealed that the expression pattern of T1 was tightly correlated to toxin biosynthesis in the examined alga and may be used to serve as a potential toxin indicator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200401020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]],"date-time":"2005-03-30T08:46:54Z","timestamp":1112172414000},"page":"1580-1593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Use of two\u2010dimensional gel electrophoresis to differentiate morphospecies of <b><i>Alexandrium minutum<\/i><\/b>, a paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin\u2010producing dinoflagellate of harmful algal blooms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Leo Lai","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivor John","family":"Hodgkiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Kwan\u2010Sing","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Man\u2010Fan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong\u2010Nong","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Hon\u2010Kei","family":"Lum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Gar\u2010Yee","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby Sin\u2010Chi","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai\u2010Hung","family":"Sit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Chun\u2010Lap","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1984-0262.ch010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.55.070186.004513"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00021a002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90430-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"881","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analyses","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1990-0418.ch004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1290070616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea","author":"Taylor F.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","unstructured":"Anderson D. M. Identification of harmful algal species using molecular probes. Sixi\u00e9me Conference Internationale sur le Phytoplancton Toxique Nantes France 18\u201322 October1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1996.t01-1-00001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.59.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200300548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection","author":"Kodama M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Toxic Marine Phytoplankton. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Toxic Marine Phytoplankton","author":"Shimizu Y.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"P528","volume":"78","author":"Oshima Y.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. Intl."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0894-62"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Molecular Approaches to the Study of the Oceans","author":"Palenik B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1990.35.1.0059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.1995.tb02545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.6.2411-2420.1997","volume":"63","author":"Scanlan D. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.1987.tb04217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals","author":"Guillard R. R. L.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ame020157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Seafood Toxins. ACS Symposium Series 262","author":"Sullivan J. J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac950914h"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-002-0926-y","volume":"216","author":"Butt Y. K. C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The genus Alexandrium halim (Dinoflagellata)","author":"Balech E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","first-page":"423","volume-title":"Red Tides : Biology Environmental Science and Toxicology. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Red Tides","author":"Ogata T.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.55.925"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02181938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314358"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-656520-1.50013-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571372"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","first-page":"619","volume-title":"Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms","author":"Doucette G. J.","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["PROTEOMICS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpmic.200401020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pmic.200401020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T12:42:40Z","timestamp":1761050560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pmic.200401020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pmic.200401020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmic.200401020","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1615-9853","1615-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1615-9853","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-05-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-04-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}