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Detection of these antibodies can facilitate diagnosis, treatment of infection, and understanding of the mechanisms of virus\u2010associated diseases. In this work, we assayed antiviral antibodies using a novel high\u2010density nucleic acid programmable protein array (HD\u2010NAPPA) platform. Individual viral proteins were expressed in situ directly from plasmids encoding proteins in an array of microscopic reaction chambers. Quality of protein display and serum response was assured by comparing intra\u2010 and inter\u2010array correlation within or between printing batches with average correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.96, respectively. HD\u2010NAPPA showed higher signal\u2010to\u2010background ratio compared with standard NAPPA on planar glass slides and ELISA. Antibody responses to 761 antigens from 25 different viruses were profiled among patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Common and unique antibody reactivity patterns were detected between patients and healthy controls. We believe HD\u2010viral\u2010NAPPA will enable the study of host\u2013pathogen interactions at unprecedented dimensions and elucidate the role of pathogen infections in disease development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201400612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T04:21:55Z","timestamp":1426047715000},"page":"2136-2145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Antiviral antibody profiling by high\u2010density protein arrays"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Bian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia G. 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