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However, the field is overshadowed on several fronts, primarily because: i) the probes used to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) are imprecise; and ii) many reports suggesting that oxygen radicals are detrimental to sperm function add an exogenous source of ROS. Herein, a more reliable approach to measure superoxide anion production by human spermatozoa based on MS analysis is used. Furthermore, the formation of the lipid\u2010peroxidation product 4\u2010hydroxynonenal (4\u2010HNE) during in vitro incubation using proteomics is also investigated. The data demonstrate that neither superoxide anion nor other free radicals that cause 4\u2010HNE production are related to the loss of sperm motility during incubation. Interestingly, it appears that many of the 4\u2010HNE adducted proteins, found within spermatozoa, originate from the prostate. A quantitative SWATH analysis demonstrate that these proteins transiently bind to sperm and are then shed during in vitro incubation. 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