{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:18:50Z","timestamp":1790810330204,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heat\u2010related illness, including heat exhaustion and heat stroke, is seen as a major risk for athletes with a physical impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary: To survey the illness statistics during the 2015 Para Athletics World Championships and report on any cases of significant heat\u2010related illnesses. Secondary: To document the heat countermeasures taken on behalf of the organizing committee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective audit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records collected at medical centers during the 2015 Para Athletics World Championships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Athletes participating in the 2015 Para Athletics World Championships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Illness statistics and records of hospitalizations of athletes participating in the championships were recorded by the medical officials during the precompetition (3 days) and competition (10 days) periods. Furthermore, wet\u2010bulb globe temperatures (WBGTs) were measured at the competition venues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incidence rates of illness during the precompetition and competition periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>WBGTs ranged from 24.6\u00b0C to 36.0\u00b0C, regularly exceeding the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) guidelines for cancelation in the morning both during the competition (ACSM, 52%; IAAF, 97%) and precompetition periods (ACSM, 75%; IAAF, 100%). These guidelines were not exceeded as regularly during the evening and noon for both the precompetition and competition periods (ACSM, 0%\u20105%; IAAF, 0%\u201058%). The illness incidence rate was 2.89 per 1000 athlete\u2010days (incidence proportion = 3.76%; confidence interval = 2.69%\u20104.83%). Only seven cases of heat\u2010related illness were recorded, of which three required hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates low rates of illness, including hospitalization and intravenous administration for heat\u2010related illness among athletes participating in the 2015 Para Athletics World Championships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>III.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,28]],"date-time":"2019-01-28T22:59:58Z","timestamp":1548716398000},"page":"919-925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Illness at a Para Athletics Track and Field World Championships under Hot and Humid Ambient Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"Grobler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Derman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Racinais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aston Seng Huey","family":"Ngai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Medicine Department Aspetar Hospital  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"van de Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical &amp; 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