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Neilsen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G\u201016\u201000012571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G\u201016\u201000012571"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005247","name":"University of British Columbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010804","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following spinal cord injury (SCI), up to 64% of individuals experience cognitive deficit. However, the reliability of commonly used neuropsychological tests is currently unknown in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the test\u2010retest reliability of cognitive measures in individuals with SCI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vancouver General Hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with a chronic (&gt;2 years) SCI (n\u2009=\u200922).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across three visits (separated by ~16 days), 22 participants with chronic SCI completed a neuropsychological battery evaluating <jats:italic>memory<\/jats:italic> (Rey Auditory\u2010Verbal Learning Test [RAVLT]), <jats:italic>attention\/concentration\/psychomotor speed<\/jats:italic> (Digit Span Task, Stroop Test), and <jats:italic>executive function<\/jats:italic> (Trail Making Test A&amp;B, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test). Coefficients of variation (CV<jats:sub>intra<\/jats:sub>) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine the reliability of each test between visits. Linear regressions were performed to assess the associations between variability (CV<jats:sub>intra<\/jats:sub>) and participant characteristics, such as age or highest education level attained. Repeated\u2010measures, one\u2010way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine any significant practice effects, and smallest real differences (SRDs) were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeated scores on aforementioned neuropsychological tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ICCs ranged from 0.77 to 0.93, with the exception of RAVLT recognition score (ICC\u2009=\u20090.27). Age showed a moderate association with CV<jats:sub>intra<\/jats:sub> in RAVLT interference recall scores (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.43, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.047), but was not a confounding factor for other measures. Education was not associated with CV<jats:sub>intra<\/jats:sub>. Significant practice effects were noted for most of the cognitive tests assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Other than the RAVLT recognition score, these cognitive measures demonstrated good\u2010to\u2010excellent reliability. Although this is encouraging, test\u2010retest variability should be considered when interpreting the efficacy of various cognitive training strategies to mitigate cognitive decline in this population. Thus, the SRD values presented herein will allow researchers and clinicians to identify \u201ctrue\u201d changes in cognitive function with repeated testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>III.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T11:45:02Z","timestamp":1553255102000},"page":"1278-1286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Reliability of Cognitive Measures in Individuals With a Chronic Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom Edward","family":"Nightingale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD) University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe Ah Ryung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD) University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"MD Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Sachdeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD) University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei Mu Zi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD) University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"MD Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron Alexander","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cardiac Sciences, and Clinical Neurosciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Krassioukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD) University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"GF Strong Rehabilitation Center, Vancouver Coastal Health  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