{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:58:16Z","timestamp":1788886696612,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is widely used to induce functional movements for paralyzed muscles. However, rapid muscle fatigue during FES\u2010induced muscle contractions limits FES clinical efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate muscle fatigue response across stimulation patterns and frequencies during FES in able\u2010bodied individuals and in those with spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four stimulation protocols combining 20 and 40\u2009Hz average frequency with either constant frequency trains (CFTs) or with doublet frequency trains (DFTs) were applied to the quadriceps of seven adults with SCI and eight able\u2010bodied participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>A FES\u2010row training laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven individuals with SCI (one female; age range, 25\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009years) and eight age\u2010matched able\u2010bodied participants (one female).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title><jats:p>None.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fatigue was defined as the number of contractions until force decreased by 20% from the target level of 25% maximal contraction force. The number of contractions and the stimulation current used during the four stimulation protocols were compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a significant effect of frequency, as well as interaction between group and stimulation pattern (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). In both groups, 20\u2010Hz trains increased the number of contractions to fatigue compared to 40\u2010Hz trains. However, the responses to the pattern of stimulation differed. In the able\u2010bodied participants, CFT increased the number of contractions to fatigue compared to DFT, whereas in those with SCI, DFT increased the number of contractions to fatigue. In fact, DFT resulted in similar number of contractions to fatigue in both populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results indicate that DFT at 20\u2009Hz may be a better stimulation protocol to delay fatigue onset in the SCI population than the other three protocols. In addition, this work implies that results from able\u2010bodied persons may not be directly applicable to those with SCI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T18:51:32Z","timestamp":1573239092000},"page":"699-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Muscle Fatigue in Response to Electrical Stimulation Pattern and Frequency in Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0785-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Laboratory Spaulding Hospital Cambridge  Cambridge MA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School  Cambridge MA"},{"name":"Research Center for Brain\u2010Inspired Intelligence, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina E.","family":"Draghici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Laboratory Spaulding Hospital Cambridge  Cambridge MA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School  Cambridge MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Laboratory Spaulding Hospital Cambridge  Cambridge MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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