{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:32:05Z","timestamp":1792024325203,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]],"date-time":"2020-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some recreational runners with obesity successfully train or compete without musculoskeletal injury. Insight into the key kinetic strategies of injury\u2010free heavier runners is necessary to appropriately guide development of safe training programs for this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine key biomechanical strategies of running in individuals with body mass index (BMI) values above and equal to and higher than 30\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a case\u2010control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Runners with obesity (n\u2009=18; 42.7\u2009years, 38.9% women) who were matched by sex, age, footstrike type, footwear characteristics, and running speed with healthy runners (n\u2009=\u200936; 41.7\u2009years, 32.5% women).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research laboratory affiliated with an academic medical center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A seven\u2010camera optical motion analysis system was used to capture running kinematics and an instrumented treadmill captured kinetic data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcomes<\/jats:title><jats:p>Main outcomes were temporal spatial parameters, joint excursions, peak ground reaction forces (GRFs), joint moments, vertical average loading rate (VALR), impulses, and vertical stiffness (K<jats:sub>vert<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Runners with obesity demonstrated 15% less vertical excursion of the center of mass, 18% wider strides, and 3% longer stance times than nonobese runners (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Normalized peak GRFs and VALRs were higher in the nonobese group. GRF impulse was higher in the group with obesity compared to the nonobese group (means \u00b1 SD; 339.6\u2009\u00b1\u200955.2 Ns vs. 255.0\u2009\u00b1\u200945.8 Ns; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0001). K<jats:sub>vert<\/jats:sub> was higher in the obese group compared to the nonobese group (238.6\u2009\u00b1\u200950.3 N\/cm vs. 183.1\u2009\u00b1\u200929.4 N\/cm; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0001). Peak hip moments were higher in runners with obesity in the sagittal and frontal planes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Runners with obesity dampened impact forces and controlled loading rate more than nonobese runners by increasing lower body stiffness and constraining vertical displacement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T12:15:57Z","timestamp":1580300157000},"page":"1106-1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Impact of Body Mass Index on Biomechanics of Recreational Runners"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2177-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather K.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center University of Florida  Gainesville FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Jack E.","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center University of Florida  Gainesville FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center University of Florida  Gainesville FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Bruner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center University of Florida  Gainesville FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MaryBeth","family":"Horodyski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center University of Florida  Gainesville FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, UF Health Sports Performance Center University of Florida  Gainesville FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31827b0d0a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.10.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqr028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.8.664"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0331-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"338","article-title":"Running more than three kilometers during the first week of a running regimen may be associated with increased risk of injury in obese novice runners","volume":"9","author":"Nielsen RO","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.8169"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"A56","article-title":"The association between body mass index and arthritis among US adults: CDC's surveillance case definition","volume":"6","author":"Zakkak JM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00178-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"WillyR PohlMB DavisIS. 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