{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:51:08Z","timestamp":1792623068800,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":257,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DoD W81XWH\u201016\u20102\u20100065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DoD W81XWH\u201016\u20102\u20100065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the frequency and severity of phantom limb pain (PLP) in veterans with major upper limb amputation and determine the association between PLP and person, amputation, and prosthesis characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>National survey of veterans living in the community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>U.S. military veterans (N\u2009=\u2009776) with major upper limb amputations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Frequency and intensity of PLP, person characteristics such as age and gender, amputation characteristics such as level and etiology, and prosthesis characteristics such as type and intensity of prosthesis use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respondents were 97% male with a mean age of 63\u2009years and a mean time since amputation of 31\u2009years. The most common amputation level was transradial (36%) and 62% reported accident as the amputation etiology. 73% of amputees reported PLP with a mean intensity score of 4.2 (standard deviation 3.4). PLP frequency in the daily to always category was reported in 42% of amputees. Weekly and more frequent residual limb pain was associated with having any PLP. Amputation at the shoulder (odds ratio [OR] 3.78 [1.93, 7.39]), amputation at the transhumeral level (OR 1.76 [1.10,2.81]), and amputation due to cancer (OR 5.33 [1.15, 24.81]) were also associated with any PLP. Moderate (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091.34, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009&lt; .001) and severe (\u03b2\u2009=\u20093.31, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) residual limb pain intensity was associated with higher PLP intensity among those with pain. Amputation at the shoulder level was associated with a 1.5 points higher average pain intensity score (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt; .001) compared to the transradial level. Multivariable models failed to show an association between PLP prevalence and amputation of the dominant limb (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.08) and PLP was not associated with intensity of daily prosthesis use in bivariate analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study of a large cohort of veterans with major upper limb amputation highlights the long\u2010term persistence of moderate frequency and intensity PLP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T17:42:35Z","timestamp":1600969355000},"page":"827-835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Frequency and Severity of Phantom Limb Pain in Veterans with Major Upper Limb Amputation: Results of a National Survey"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellie","family":"Balakhanlou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond VA USA"},{"name":"Hunter Homes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Borgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department Providence VA Medical Center  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Resnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department Providence VA Medical Center  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Health Services, Policy and Practice Brown University  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Postamputation pain: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Hsu E","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181b306ec"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181edf128"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00538-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/78.6.652"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00264-5"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of chronic phantom limb pain among American veterans. 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