{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:03:52Z","timestamp":1790719432897,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Previous studies have identified an association between traumatic brain injuries and the development of psychiatric disorders in general. However, these studies were subject to limitations that demonstrate the need for a study of a large, clearly defined mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) population within an integrated healthcare system.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To determine the prevalence and relative risk of postinjury affective disorders over 4\u2009years following mTBI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Cohort study of mTBI cases and matched controls, over a 4\u2010year period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n An integrated healthcare delivery system in California.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients<\/jats:title>\n A total of 9428 adult health plan members diagnosed with mTBI from 2000\u20132007 and enrolled in the year before injury, during which no TBI was ascertained. Control participants included 18,856 individuals selected based on the following criteria: Two unexposed health plan members per each mTBI\u2010exposed patient were randomly selected and individually matched for age, gender, race\/ethnicity, and medical comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n A diagnosis of affective disorder (depressive, anxiety, and adjustment disorders) in the 4\u2009years after mTBI or the reference date, determined according to the\n International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification<\/jats:italic>\n as well as the\n Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Affective disorders were most prominent during the first 12\u2009months with 23% following mTBI and 14% in the control group. Four\u2010year aggregate adjusted odds ratios for having an affective disorder following mTBI were 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.2;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001) and 1.5 (95% CI: 1.5, 1.6;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.001) for patients with and without prior affective disorders, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n mTBI was associated with a significantly increased risk of having subsequent affective disorders. Screening for and addressing affective disorders at earlier stages following the injury is an important step to avoid persisting conditions that may pose a barrier to full recovery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T10:18:45Z","timestamp":1624357125000},"page":"753-763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders following mild traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3194-3840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard L.","family":"Delmonico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Foundation Rehabilitation Center, Kaiser Permanente Vallejo Medical Center Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Foundation Rehabilitation Center, Kaiser Permanente Vallejo Medical Center Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0397-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Elizabeth","family":"Sandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Davis Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Anne","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Camicia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Foundation Rehabilitation Center, Kaiser Permanente Vallejo Medical Center Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16050100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1089601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000432"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.FOCUS15612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Report to Congress on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Steps to Prevent a Serious Public Health Problem","author":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Heads Up; Facts for Physicians about Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI)","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.599"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.JNS14503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.3.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091444"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.1.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"11\u2010EHC017\u2010EF","volume-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Depression","author":"Guillamondegui OD","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500443558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Similarity of the Adult Kaiser Permanente Membership of Northern California to the Insured and General Population in Northern California: Statistics from the 2011\u201312 California Health Interview Survey","author":"Gordon NP","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"ICD\u20109\u2010CM: International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification","author":"Medicode","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association. 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