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Phantom limb pain may be associated with impaired body image and perception, which may be targets for rehabilitative intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare measures of body image and perception between adults with and without phantom limb pain post amputation and evaluate associations between measures of body image and perception and phantom limb pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Online, remote assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010two adults \u22651 year post unilateral lower\u2010limb loss (n\u00a0=\u00a042 with phantom limb pain, n\u00a0=\u00a030 without phantom limb pain or pain in the remaining portion of the limb).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self\u2010reported outcome measures assessing body image (i.e., Amputee Body Image Scale\u2010Revised), perceptual disturbances associated with the phantom limb (i.e., a modified Bath Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Body Perception Disturbance Scale), and prosthesis satisfaction (i.e., Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scale) were administered; participants with phantom limb pain reported pain interference via the Brief Pain Inventory\u2010Short Form. Between\u2010group comparisons of self\u2010reported outcome measure scores were conducted using Mann Whitney U or chi\u2010square tests, as appropriate (a\u00a0=\u00a0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to peers without phantom limb pain, adults with phantom limb pain reported more negative body image; increased phantom limb ownership, attention, and awareness; and reduced prosthesis satisfaction and embodiment (U\u00a0=\u00a0175.50\u2013364.00, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001 to .034). Disturbances in phantom limb perception (i.e., size, weight, pressure, temperature) were similar between groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.086 to &gt;.999). More negative body image was associated with increased phantom limb pain interference (\u03c4<jats:sub>b<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a0.25, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.026).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adults with phantom limb pain demonstrate more negative body image and hypervigilance of the phantom limb as compared to peers with nonpainful phantom sensations. Mind\u2010body treatments that target impaired body image and perception may be critical interventions for adults with phantom limb pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T14:56:56Z","timestamp":1639666616000},"page":"278-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Body image and perception among adults with and without phantom limb pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emma Haldane","family":"Beisheim\u2010Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware Department of Physical Therapy  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory Evan","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware Department of Physical Therapy  Newark Delaware 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