{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T15:52:03Z","timestamp":1747151523069,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PM&amp;R"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repetitive shoulder movements during competitive training may cause changes in the strength of periarticular shoulder structures in preadolescent swimmers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To prospectively determine the effects of training on shoulder periarticular structures and muscle strength in preadolescent swimmers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Community\u2010based natatorium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four preadolescent swimmers aged 10\u201312\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurements were repeated in three periods as preseason, midseason, and postseason. Ultrasonographic measurements (supraspinatus tendon thickness, humeral head cartilage thickness, deltoid muscle thickness, and acromiohumeral distance) were performed using a portable device and a linear probe. Shoulder (flexion, extension, abduction, internal and external rotation) and back (serratus anterior, lower, and middle trapezius) isometric muscle strength were measured with a handheld dynamometer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supraspinatus tendon thickness and acromiohumeral distance were similar in all periods (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05); however, deltoid muscle and humeral head cartilage thicknesses increased throughout the season (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.002, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.008, respectively). Likewise, whereas shoulder muscle strength increased (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), back muscle strength was similar in all periods (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In preadolescent swimmers, acromiohumeral distance and supraspinatus tendon thickness seem to not change; but humeral head cartilage and deltoid muscle thicknesses as well as shoulder muscle strength increase throughout the season.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T15:53:17Z","timestamp":1686325997000},"page":"47-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shoulder structures and strength in competitive preadolescent swimmers: A longitudinal ultrasonographic 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